Alexander II

Great Reforms

• glasnost' and zakonnost' vs. proizvol
• (openness/transparency and lawfulness vs. arbitrariness)
• enlightened bureaucrats
• Judicial Reform
  • juries
  • lawyers
• Censorship Reform
  • post-publication censorship
• Zemstvo Reform (provincial administration)
• Universities
• Primary Education
• Army
  • universal service
• Russo-Turkish War
  • Treaty of San Stefano
  • Congress of Berlin