E. McClung Fleming, “Artifact Study: A Proposed Model” Winterthur Portfolio 9 (1974) 153-173. Developed at the early stages of material culture studies, Fleming provides a systematic model for artifact study designed for the decorative arts. Fleming premises his artifact investigation along two conceptual lines. Gregg Finley, “The Gothic Revival and the Victorian Church in New Brunswick : Toward a Strategy for Material culture Research” Material History Bulletin 32 (1990) 1-16. Finley provides a two-level model, starting with systematically recording the basic properties of the object, before moving on to address a larger research question in level two. Craig Gilborn, "Pop Pedagogy: Looking at the Coke Bottle" in, compiler and editor Thomas J. Schlereth, Material culture Studies in America (Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press, 1982), 174-182. Gilborn's flexible model proceeds through three stages: comprehensively describing physical properties, classifying by type and proceeding to interpretation of mentality through historical change over time. Jacques Maquet, “Objects As Instruments, Objects As Signs” in ed. by Steven Lubar David Kingery, History From Things: Essays on Material culture (USA: Smithsonian Institution, 1993), 30-40. Maquet's semiotically based methodology examines an object from two different perspectives: Instrument and Sign, within which he derives semiotic sub-categories which progress to become more culture-specific; instrument, symbol, image, indicator, and referent. Jules Prown, “Mind in Matter: An Introduction to Material culture Theory and Method” Winterthur Portfolio 17, no. 1 (Spring 1982), 1-19. Prown's methodology was developed under a broad and dynamic interdisciplinary umbrella, featuring structuralism and semiotics, marxism, anthropology, geography, psychohistory and psychology. It also draws on broad theoretical backgrounds - cultural history and cultural anthropology, social history and social anthropology – as well as the particular theoretical backgrounds of structuralism, semiotics, and determinism .