1. Which of the following are research hypotheses?

a. More females than males support the NDP

b. An increase in educational attainment causes an increase in status attainment in occupation, controlling for several variables.

c. An increase in status attainment causes an increase in age.

d. An increase in conservatism causes a religious conversion, controlling for several variables.

e. All of the above

2. Read the following statement and then determine the appropriate unit of analysis:

1. Cartoons today show greater violence than do cartoons from ten years ago

2. Most Americans believe in God

3. France is more democratic than Iran

4. A poll shows that Stephen Harper's Conservative Party is four percentage points ahead of Stéphane Dion's Liberal Party

3. Which of the following is false? Or are they all true?

a. The concept ethnicity represents the term ethnicity.

b. Ethnicity is both a concept and a variable.

c. Ethnicity as a variable is composed of attributes.

d. Ethnicity may have different definitions.

e. All are true.

4. Grade point average reflects which level of measurement?

a. nominal

b. ordinal

c. linear

d. interval/ratio

5. Professor Garcia decides to employ 60 interviewers in his study of teacher militancy. Which one of the following most likely will be the major measurement concern?

a. epistemology

b. validity

c. reliability

d. paradigm

e. all of the above

6. Professor Peoples develops a new scale to measure love. When given repeatedly, it generally yields similar results. When correlated with a well-validated love scale, it shows a low correlation. Which one of the following statements is correct?

a. The scale is reliable but not valid.

b. The scale is valid but not reliable.

c. The scale is both reliable and valid.

d. The scale is neither reliable nor valid.

e. All are incorrect

7. Which of the following are examples of nominal variables?

a) Religious affiliation (Catholic, Jewish, Muslim, Protestant, Other)

b) Race (Asian, Black, White, Other)

c) GDP per capita ($)

d) Education (years)

e) Defence spending as % of government budget

f) Socio-economic class (lower, working, middle, upper)

g) Grade (pass, fail)

8. Sue is 20 years old and Mary is 40 years old. Write a simple statement regarding Sue's and Mary's ages that illustrates each of the levels of measurement.

1. Nominal:

2. Ordinal:

3. Interval/ratio:

9. Grade point average (GPA) is often assumed to measure the intelligence of a student relative to that of other students. Give two reasons why GPA may not be reliable and two reasons why GPA may not be valid as a measure of the intelligence of college students. Make sure your reasons regarding reliability address the consistency or repeatability of the elements comprising GPA and your reasons regarding validity address the extent to which GPA measures intelligence.

Problems of reliability:

Problems of validity: