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Dr. James M. Cantor |
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Mainpage >
Short
articles, Q&As > Hebephilia articles (1972–2010) |
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Peer-Reviewed
Research Articles Providing Data on Hebephilia (1972–2010) The DSM-5 revisions committee recently
proposed subdividing the erotic preference for children into two subtypes:
Whereas the current (DSM-IV-TR) definition refers to the sexual interest in
children “generally ages 13 and under,” the new version would divide it into
the sexual interest in children under 11 (still called pedophilia) and the sexual interest in children 11 to 14 (called hebephilia). This would update the DSM, bringing it back
into line with the preponderance of current research data. After the DSM committee (technically, the
“DSM Subworkgroup for Paraphilias”) released their proposal, I began
receiving requests and questions about the status of the research literature
on the topic. Below is an exhaustive
list of the peer-reviewed empirical articles on hebephilia—At least, if
anyone runs into an article I missed, do please email me. Not included on the list are non-reviewed
or non-empirical works: letters to editors, dissertations, commentaries,
etc. I have also compiled a listing of
100 texts
that include hebephilia. —James Cantor 25 May 2011 I appear to have missed Sample and Bray
(2006), which I have now added. —James Cantor 28 December 2011 |
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Reference |
Abstract |
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Alford, G. S., Morin, C., Atkins, M., & Schoen, L.
(1987). Masturbatory extinction of deviant sexual arousal: A case study. Behavior Therapy, 18, 265–271. |
Describes
the treatment of a 27-yr-old male heterosexual who exhibited strong sexual
arousal to pedophilic and hebephilic, as well as adult female
sexual stimuli. Treatment involved repeated presentation of examples of
deviant sexual stimuli in the absence of high-level sexual excitation and
orgasm and a classical conditioning/extinction procedure termed masturbatory
extinction. Across 40 treatment sessions, sexual arousal diminished markedly
in response to both pedophilic and hebephilic sexual stimuli. |
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Baxter, D. J., Marhsall, W.
L., Barbaree, H. E., Davidson, P. R., & Malcolm, P. B. (1984). Deviant
sexual behavior: Differentiating sex offenders by criminal and personal
history, psychometric measures, and sexual response. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 11, 477–501. |
Examined
criminal records, personal history, social-sexual competence, and physiological
responses to erotic stimuli in 75 rapists (mean age 27.8 yrs), 24 “hebephiles”
(sexual offenders of teenagers [mean age 31 yrs]), 15 heterosexual pedophiles
(mean age 34.0 yrs), and 14 homosexual pedophiles (mean age 34.2 yrs); all Ss
were incarcerated males. Data show that there were significant differences
among groups in criminal and personal background. Pedophiles tended to be
older, more poorly educated, more likely to be unmarried, and less frequently
involved in nonsexual crime. Social and social-sexual inadequacy was common
to all groups and reflected in underassertiveness,
low self-esteem, and negative sexual attitudes. Rapists and hebephiles
both responded maximally to adults as sexual partners and responded more to
cues for consensual sex than to cues for rape. Results suggest that deviant
sexual arousal is a factor in deviant sexual behavior only in the case of
pedophiles. |
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Beier, K. M., Ahlers, C. J., Goecker, D., Neutze, J., Mundt, |
The
Berlin Prevention Project Dunkelfeld (PPD) aims to
prevent child sexual abuse (CSA) by targeting men who fear they may sexually
abuse children, and who seek help without being mandated to do so. This
article aims to demonstrate that a pedophilic or hebephilic
sexual preference is very common among these men, to show how these men can
be reached, and to document their determination to find help. The target
group was informed of the project and encouraged to respond via a media
campaign. A telephone screening was conducted over the first 18 months. Of
the 286 who completed the screening (60.1% of the respondents), 84.3% (N
= 241) were interviewed by a clinician. Of the interviewees, 57.7% (N
= 139) and 27.8% (N = 67) expressed a sexual preference for
prepubescent and pubescent minors, respectively, and 10.8% (N = 26)
for mature adults. The remaining 3.7% (N = 9) could not be reliably
categorized. As (potential) child molesters with a respective sexual
preference can be reached via a media campaign, efforts to prevent CSA ought
to be expanded to target this group. |
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Beier, K. M., Neutze, J., Mundt, |
Two main assumptions guided the methodology of the Prevention
Project Dunkelfeld (PPD), which was approved by
health professionals and jurists belonging to the appropriate Institutional
Review Board (body of university clinic): (1) a media campaign may
successfully reach self-identified pedophiles and hebephiles in the community, and (2)
these individuals are interested in participating in further diagnostics.
Respondents to the media campaign were able to contact the research team
anonymously (e.g., telephone), and staff was specifically trained for
building a trustworthy and empathic relationship during initial contact. In
the 38 months after the project’s official launch, a total of 808 respondents
contacted the research office inquiring about the project and stating an
interest in participating. About 45% (N = 358) of the respondents
travelled to the outpatient clinic for full assessment. Results show that
during the first 3 years of the project a notable proportion of men admit to
being attracted to minors and could be successfully reached via a media
campaign. However, up to 45% of the present sample of self-identified
pedophiles and hebephiles could
be encouraged to participate in clinical diagnostics, even though they were
not mandated to seek treatment. The majority of these men (66%) indeed met
the diagnostic criteria of pedophilia and/or hebephilia. Interestingly,
approximately half the interviewees had made prior efforts to get
professional help, and some had travelled a long distance to take part in the
project, suggesting greater distress. Further research is needed on what
predicts the motivation of responders, interviewees, participants in
treatment, and treatment outcome, in order to ascertain the extent to which
facilities providing treatment will be successful. |
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Blanchard, R., & Barbaree, H. E. (2005). The strength
of sexual arousal as a function of the age of the sex offender: Comparisons
among pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research & Treatment, 17, 441–456. |
Previous
research has shown that sexual arousability in
human males declines from its peak in early adolescence until old age. This
study compared the rates of decline in three groups of males: those most
attracted sexually to prepubescent children (pedophiles), those most
attracted to pubescent children (hebephiles), and those most attracted to
physically mature persons (teleiophiles). The participants were 2,028
patients referred to |
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Blanchard, R., & Dickey, R. (1998). Pubertal age in
homosexual and heterosexual sexual offenders against children, pubescents,
and adults. Sexual Abuse: Journal of
Research and Treatment, 10, 273–282. |
Previous
studies (e.g., K. Starke, 1994) have shown that homosexual men erotically
attracted to physically mature partners (androphiles) reach puberty earlier,
on average, than comparable heterosexual men. This study investigated whether
the same early onset of puberty is observed in homosexual men attracted to
children (pedophiles) or to pubescents (hebephiles). Ss were 721 White, male,
convicted sexual offenders, originally part of a large-scale study of sexual
offending. The 157 homosexual offenders against adults reached puberty
earlier than the 176 heterosexual offenders against adults, and the 69
homosexual offenders against pubescents reached puberty earlier than the 130
heterosexual offenders against pubescents. In contrast, there was no
difference between the 46 homosexual and the 143 heterosexual offenders
against children on this variable. Results suggest that homosexual hebephilia
has more etiological factors in common with androphilia than does homosexual
pedophilia. |
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Blanchard,
R., Kolla, N. J., Cantor, J. M., Klassen, P. E.,
Dickey, R., Kuban, M. E., & Blak, T. (2007). IQ, handedness, and
pedophilia in adult male patients stratified by referral source. Sexual Abuse:
A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19, 285–309. |
This study investigated whether
the previously observed association of pedophilia with lower IQs is an
artifact of heterogeneity in referral source. The subjects were 832 adult
male patients referred to a specialty clinic for evaluation of their sexual
behavior. The patients’ erotic preferences for prepubescent, pubescent, or
adult partners were assessed with phallometric testing. Full scale IQ was
estimated using six subtests from the WAIS-R. The results showed that the
relations between pedophilia and lower IQ, lesser education, and increased
rates of non-righthandedness were the same in
homogeneous groups referred by lawyers or parole and probation officers as
they were in a heterogeneous group referred by a miscellany of other sources.
Those results, along with secondary analyses in the study, supported the
conclusion that the relation between pedophilia and cognitive function is
genuine and not artifactual. The findings were
interpreted as evidence for the hypothesis that neurodevelopmental
perturbations increase the risk of pedophilia in males. |
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Blanchard,
R., |
The penile response profiles of homosexual
and heterosexual pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles to laboratory
stimuli depicting male and female children and adults may be conceptualized
as a series of overlapping stimulus generalization gradients.
This study used such profile data to compare two models of alloerotic responding (sexual responding to other people)
in men. The first model was based on the notion that men respond to a
potential sexual object as a compound stimulus made up of an age component
and a gender component. The second model was based on the notion that men
respond to a potential sexual object as a gestalt, which they evaluate in
terms of global similarity to other potential sexual objects. The analytic
strategy was to compare the accuracy of these models in predicting a man’s
penile response to each of his less arousing (nonpreferred)
stimulus categories from his response to his most arousing (preferred)
stimulus category. Both models based their predictions on the degree of
dissimilarity between the preferred stimulus category and a given nonpreferred stimulus category, but each model used its
own measure of dissimilarity. According to the first model (‘‘summation
model’’), penile response should vary inversely as the sum of stimulus
differences on separate dimensions of age and gender. According to the second
model (‘‘bipolar model’’), penile response should vary inversely as the
distance between stimulus categories on a single, bipolar dimension of
morphological similarity—a dimension on which children are located near the
middle, and adult men and women are located at opposite ends. The subjects
were 2,278 male patients referred to a specialty clinic for phallometric
assessment of their erotic preferences. Comparisons of goodness of fit to the
observed data favored the unidimensional bipolar
model. |
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Blanchard,
R., |
Previous research has found
that pedophilic men referred for clinical assessment of their sexual behavior
are more likely to report that they suffered head injuries before their 13th
birthday than are nonpedophilic men referred for
the same purpose. This study investigated whether pedophilic patients are
also more likely to report head injuries after their 13th birthday. The 685
participants represented all patients with usable data from a consecutive
series of men referred to a clinical laboratory specializing in phallometric
assessment of erotic preferences. In addition to phallometric testing,
participants were administered a brief neuropsychological test battery and a
companion interview, which included questions on head injury, drug abuse, and
childhood diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The results
showed that the pedophilic patients reported more head injuries before age 13
than did the nonpedophilic patients, but they did
not report more head injuries after age 13. The association between
pedophilia and childhood head injuries could mean either that subtle brain
damage after birth increases a boy’s risk of pedophilia, or that
neurodevelopmental problems before birth increase a boy’s accident-proneness
along with his risk of pedophilia. Additional analyses showed that
self-reported head injuries before age 13 were associated with attentional
problems and with left-handedness; in contrast, head injuries after age 13
were associated with drug abuse and promiscuity. These analyses suggest that,
among patients with primary presenting complaints of sexual rather than
cognitive problems, childhood head injuries cluster with neuropsychological
phenomena, whereas later head injuries cluster with lifestyle variables. |
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Blanchard, R., Lykins, A. D., Wherrett,
D., |
The
term pedophilia denotes the erotic preference for prepubescent children. The
term hebephilia
has been proposed to denote the erotic preference for pubescent children
(roughly, ages 11 or 12-14), but it has not become widely used. The present
study sought to validate the concept of hebephilia by examining the agreement
between self-reported sexual interests and objectively recorded penile
responses in the laboratory. The participants were 881 men who were referred
for clinical assessment because of paraphilic, criminal, or otherwise
problematic sexual behavior. Within-group comparisons showed that men who
verbally reported maximum sexual attraction to pubescent children had greater
penile responses to depictions of pubescent children than to depictions of
younger or older persons. Between-groups comparisons showed that penile
responding distinguished such men from those who reported maximum attraction
to prepubescent children and from those who reported maximum attraction to
fully grown persons. These results indicated that hebephilia
exists as a discriminable erotic age-preference.
The authors recommend various ways in which the DSM might be altered to
accommodate the present findings. One possibility would be to replace the
diagnosis of Pedophilia with Pedohebephilia and allow the clinician to
specify one of three subtypes: Sexually Attracted to Children Younger than 11
(Pedophilic Type), Sexually Attracted to Children
Age 11-14 (Hebephilic
Type), or Sexually Attracted to Both (Pedohebephilic Type). We further
recommend that the DSM-V encourage users to record the typical age of
children who most attract the patient sexually as well as the gender of
children who most attract the patient sexually. |
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Brown, A. S., Gray, N. S., & Snowden, R. J. (2009).
Implicit measurement of sexual associations in child sex abusers: Role of
victim type and denial. Sexual Abuse:
Journal of Research & Treatment, 21, 166–180. |
The
Implicit Association Test was used to measure cognitive associations between
children and sex in men convicted of child-sex offences. It was hypothesized
that these cognitions would be different in pedophilic-type offenders
(defined by having a victim aged less than 12 years) and hebephilic-type
offenders (only victims aged 12 to 15 years) such that only the
pedophilic-type offenders would have an implicit association between children
and sex. This was confirmed. It was also hypothesized that this association
between children and sex in the pedophilic-type offenders would be present
irrespective of their denial of offence history. This was also confirmed.
These results demonstrate differences in the cognitive associations between
children and sex held by subgroups of child-sex abusers, and they help
establish the Implicit Association Test as an indirect means to assess
cognitive factors related to sexual offences. |
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Cantor,
J. M., Blanchard, R., Christensen, B. K., Dickey, R., Klassen, P. E., Beckstead, A. L., Blak, T., & Kuban, M. E. (2004).
Intelligence, memory, and handedness in pedophilia. Neuropsychology, 18,
3–14. |
A
sample of 473 male patients with pedophilia (assessed by the patients’ sexual
history and penile response in the laboratory to standardized, erotic
stimuli) or other problematic sexual interests or behaviors received brief
neuropsychological assessments. Neuropsychological measures included a short
form of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised (D. Wechsler, 1981),
the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test—Revised (R. H. B. Benedict, D. Schretlen, L. Groninger, &
J. Brandt, 1998), the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test—Revised (R. H. B.
Benedict, 1997), and the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (S. M. Williams,
1986). Pedophilia showed significant negative correlations with IQ and
immediate and delayed recall memory. Pedophilia was also related to
non-right-handedness even after covarying age and
IQ. These results suggest that pedophilia is linked to early
neurodevelopmental perturbations. |
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Cantor, J. M., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., Christensen,
B. K., |
A
sample of 404 adult men underwent assessment following illegal or clinically
significant sexual behaviors or interests. Patients’ assessments included:
administration of a modified version of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory;
recording of patients’ phallometric (penile) responses to erotic stimuli
depicting adults, pubescent children, and prepubescent children of both
sexes; and a tabulation of the numbers of patients’ victims, ages 0-11,
12-14, 15-16, and 17 and older, of both sexes. In Study 1, patients’
right-handedness scores correlated negatively with their phallometric
responses to stimuli depicting prepubescent children and positively with
stimuli depicting adults, replicating the pattern described in a previous
report (Cantor et al., 2004). Unlike the previous study, however, patients’
handedness scores did not significantly correlate with their numbers of
prepubescent victims. To explore this discrepancy, Study 2 combined the
patients from this replication sample with those in the previously reported
sample, categorizing them by the sex and age group of greatest erotic
interest to them. The odds of non-right-handedness in men offending
predominantly against prepubescent children were approximately two-fold
higher than that in men offending predominantly against adults and three-fold
higher after eliminating those men with intrafamilial
(i.e., incest) offenses. Handedness differences between men erotically
interested in males versus females were not statistically significant. These
results indicate that the rates of non-right-handedness in pedophilia are
much larger than previously suggested and are comparable to the rates
observed in pervasive developmental disorders, such as autism, suggesting a
neurological component to the development of pedophilia and hebephilia. |
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Cantor, J. M., |
Adult
men’s height reflects, not only their genetic
endowment, but also the conditions that were present during their development
in utero and in childhood. We compared the adult heights of men who committed
one or more sexual offenses and who were erotically interested in
prepubescent children (pedophilic sexual offenders; n=223), those who
were erotically interested in pubescent children (hebephilic
sexual offenders; n=615), and those who were erotically interested in
adults (teleiophilic sexual offenders; n=187), as well as men who had
no known sexual offenses and who were erotically interested in adults
(teleiophilic nonoffender controls; n=156). The pedophilic and the hebephilic
sexual offenders were significantly shorter than the teleiophilic nonoffender
controls. The teleiophilic sexual offenders were intermediate in height
between the nonoffenders and the pedophilic and hebephilic
sexual offenders and not significantly different from any of the other
groups. This suggests that-regardless of whatever psychological sequelae
might also have followed from the conditions present during early
development-pedophilic and hebephilic sexual offenders were subject
to conditions capable of affecting their physiological development. |
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Cantor, J. M., |
A
sample of 701 adult men underwent assessment following illegal or clinically
significant sexual behaviors or interests. Patients were categorized on the
basis of phallometric (penile) responses in the laboratory to erotic stimuli
depicting adults, pubescent children, and prepubescent children; histories of
sexual offenses; and self-reported sexual interests. Comprising the
categories were men sexually interested in prepubescent children (pedophiles;
n = 114), men sexually interested in pubescent children (hebephiles;
n = 377), men sexually interested in adults and who had committed a
sexual offense against an adult (teleiophilic offenders; n = 139), and
men sexually interested in adults and who had no known history of any sexual
offenses (teleiophilic nonoffenders; n =
71). Patients’ assessments included IQ testing and self-reported academic
history, which included any grade failures and assignment to special
education classes. Relative to the teleiophilic offenders, both the
pedophilic and the hebephilic groups showed approximately
double the odds of failing a grade or being enrolled in special education,
both before and after covarying IQ. No significant
differences were detected between the teleiophilic offenders and the
teleiophilic nonoffenders. These data are
consistent with the hypothesis that an erotic age preference for children
sometimes results from a perturbation of neurodevelopment occurring early in
life. |
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Danni, K. A., & Hampe, G.
D. (2000). An analysis of predictors of child sex offender types using
presentence investigation reports. International
Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 44, 490–504. |
The purpose of this study was to differentiate
between three types of child sexual offenders—pedophiles, hebophiles,
and incest offenders. The sample consisted of 168 convicted sex offenders.
The data for the study were gathered from presentence investigation reports
used by the court for sentencing proceedings. Using multiple discriminant
analysis, eight independent variables were found to significantly
discriminate between the three types of sex offenders almost 90% of the time.
These variables were sexually victimized as a child, prepubertal
victim, seduction motive, age-appropriate relationships, stress, own child as
victim, social facade, and anger. Suggestions were made to probation and
parole officers in the use of this information. |
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Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1987). Feminine gender identity and
physical aggressiveness in heterosexual and homosexual pedophiles. Journal
of Sex & Marital Therapy, 13, 25–34. |
This study explored the differences among six groups of adult
males in retrospective self-reports of childhood gender identity and physical
aggressiveness. The three groups of homosexual men preferred prepubescent,
pubescent, or physically mature sexual partners. The three groups of
heterosexual men preferred prepubescent partners, normal sexual interaction
with physically mature partners (controls), or anomalous interaction with physically
mature partners. Childhood gender identity was measured with the Feminine
Gender Identity Scale (FGIS), and boyhood aggressiveness was measured with
the Physical Aggressiveness Scale (PAS). |
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Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1989). Phallometric
diagnosis of pedophilia. Journal of
Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 57, 100–105. |
We
investigated the sensitivity and specificity of our phallometric test for
pedophilia (and hebephilia).
An initial sample of subjects included 47 men accused of sexual offenses
against minors and 26 control subjects--men accused of offenses against adult
women (exhibitionism, rape, or sexually sadistic activity). A second sample
included 107 offenders against minors and 30 control subjects. In both
samples, the offenders against minors were further classified according to
the targets of their sexual offenses (girls, boys, or both) and according to
the extent to which they admitted an erotic preference for the immature
physique. Computerized diagnostic rules were developed with the first sample
and cross-validated with the second. The sensitivity of the test in detecting
pedophilia or hebephilia
in complete nonadmitters is probably greater than
or equal to 55% but is certainly less than 100%. Its specificity appears to
be over 95%. |
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Freund, K., Chan, S., & Coulthard,
R. (1979). Phallometric diagnosis with nonadmitters.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 17,
451–457. |
The
phallometric method of assessing erotic value of presented stimuli has 2 main
tasks: (a) breaking down of complex (potentially) sexual stimuli into
components and (b) diagnosing anomalous erotic preferences in “nonadmitters” (i.e., persons whose behavior would imply
there is such an anomaly, but who deny its presence). Differentiation between
admitters and nonadmitters was attained by 2 verbal
admitter scales. Comparison of the scores of 152 males (mean age 31 yrs) on
these scales with results of phallometric assessment showed that the
phallometric method diagnoses admitters more accurately than nonadmitters. The validity of a new mode of the
phallometric method was tested, designed for diagnosing pedo-
or hebephilia
in nonadmitters. In cases of homosexual pedophilia
or hebephilia
(but not in the heterosexual cases), the new nonadmitter
mode was superior to the standard procedure. |
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Freund, K., Heasman, G. A,
& Roper, V. (1982). Results of the main studies on sexual offences
against children and pubescents: A review. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 24, 387–397. |
Reviews
epidemiological and demographic studies of hebephilia
and pedophilia, including father-daughter incest. Findings are discussed in
terms of prevalence, occurrence in females, age distribution of offenders,
recidivism, violence, family background of offenders, characteristics of
victims, erotic age preference of incest offenders, and alcoholism in incest
offenders. |
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Freund, K., Scher, H., Chan,
S., & Ben-Aron, M. (1982). Experimental
analysis of pedophilia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 20, 105-112. |
[Not available] |
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Freund, K., Seeley, H. R., Marshall, W. E., & Glinfort, E. K. (1972). Sexual offenders needing special
assessment and/or therapy. Canadian Journal of Criminology and
Corrections, 14, 345–365. |
In
the course of planning treatment facilities for male sexual offenders, a
rough screening procedure was carried out encompassing all male inmates of
correctional institutions serving a sentence for a sex offence and all those
on parole while serving such sentence, as of two certain dates within the
correctional system of the |
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Freund, K., & Watson, R. J. (1991). Assessment of
the sensitivity and specificity of a phallometric test: An update of
phallometric diagnosis of pedophilia. Psychological
Assessment: A Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 3, 254–260. |
The
specificity and sensitivity of the phallometric test of an erotic preference
for minors (V. Quinsey et al; see record
1975-21378-001) was assessed. The specificity was determined to be 96.9% if
using a group of sex offenders against female adults and 80.6% if using a
group of paid volunteers. Test results of 27 sex offenders against at least 2
female children each and of 22 offenders against at least 2 male minors each
(either against children or against pubescents, but not against both),
demonstrated sensitivities of 78.2% for heterosexual pedophiles and 88.6% for
homosexual pedophiles or hebephiles. From these test
sensitivities, the percentage of subjects preferring minors in a group of
offenders against only 1 female child each, a group of offenders against at
least 1 female child and at least 1 female pubescent each, and a group of
offenders against only 1 male minor each (child or pubescent) were determined
as being 44.5%, 74.6%, and 86.7% respectively. |
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Freund, K., Watson, R., & Rienzo,
D. (1988). Signs of feigning in the phallometric test. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26, 105–112. |
Tested
in Exp I, with 164 male adult sex offenders tested for pedophilia and
homosexual hebephilia,
the validity of the conjecture that 3 particular patterns occurring in
phallometric results are signs of feigning. In all 3 cases the outcome
supported this conjecture. Exp II showed that feigning a spurious preference
for sex (gender) of partner was more difficult for 42 male university
students than feigning a spurious preference in respect to partner age, and
that the degree of difficulty of the latter depended on whether or not the S
was already familiar with the phallometric test and on the version of the
phallometric test for age preference and sex preference used. |
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Greenberg, D. M., Bradford, J. M., & Curry, S.
(1993). A comparison of sexual victimization in the childhoods of pedophiles
and hebephiles. Journal of Forensic
Sciences, 38, 432–436. |
135
pedophiles and 43 hebephiles (aged 16+ yrs) who admitted to
their offenses completed a self-report sexual history inventory. A total of
42% of pedophiles and 44% of hebephiles reported being sexually
victimized in their own childhoods. Pedophiles reported being molested at a
younger age than hebephiles. Both groups appear to have chosen their
age specific victims in accordance with the age of their own experience of
sexual victimization. |
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Horley, J. (2005). Fixed-role therapy with multiple
paraphilias. Clinical Case Studies, 4,
72–80. |
Paraphilias,
or sexually deviant behaviors, are especially difficult to address when an
individual displays more than one sexual deviation atone time. A case of an
incarcerated forensic client who displayed symptoms of sadism, masochism, and
hebephilia
is described. Fixed-role therapy (FRT), a dramaturgical approach to treatment
where a client enacts a new character or role based on how he or she would
like to act, was employed with at least short-term success in one case. Some
of the advantages and limitations of FRT are discussed. |
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Kalichman, S. C. (1991). Psychopathology and personality
characteristics of criminal sexual offenders as a function of victim age. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20,
187–197. |
The
affective, personality and psychopathological characteristics of incarcerated
adult sex offenders was studied. Subjects’ were 144 men divided into three
groups based on the age of their victims: prepubescent children, postpubescent adolescents, and adults. Results indicated
significant differences between groups in trait anxiety and anger,
self-esteem, and 7 of 13 MMPI scales. Results suggest a linear relationship
between victim age and psychopathology, with child offenders displaying the
greatest affective and thought disturbance. Adolescent offenders scored between
child and adult offenders” on most measures’. Results are discussed in the
context of theoretical explanations for sexual aggression and treatment. |
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Leander, L., Christianson, S. A., & Granhag, P. A. (2008). Internet-initiated sexual abuse: Adolescent
victims’ reports about on- and off-line sexual activities. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 22,
1260–1274. |
The
purpose of the present study was to investigate how adolescent girls, who had
been sexually (on-and off-line) deceived and abused by an Internet hebephile,
reported about these acts. As we had access to documentation of 68 girls’
conversations (i.e. chat logs) and involvement with the perpetrator, we were
able to gauge what the victims reported during the police interview against
this detailed documentation. In contrast with findings from previous
research, the majority of victims reported about the off-line activities
(real-life meetings) with the perpetrator. However, the victims omitted
and/or denied more of the on-line activities, specifically the more severe
sexual on-line acts (sending nude photos and participating in sexual web
shows). There is probably a gap between what the victims reported and what
they presumably remembered about the on-line, activities. Factors that might
have affected the victims’ pattern of reports are discussed. |
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O’Donohue, W., & Letourneau, E. (1992). The psychometric
properties of the penile tumescence assessment of child molesters. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral
Assessment, 14, 123–174. |
The
presence of sexual arousal to children or a sexual
preference for children are commonly hypothesized as being related to
child molesting. Sexual arousal and sexual preference do not appear to be
accurately assessed by traditional assessment methods such as the clinical
interview and traditional personality testing or by projective testing
(Earls, 1992). Penile tumescence measurement is an increasingly utilized
method for assessing sexual arousal and preference in child molesters. The
published literature concerning the psychometric properties of this
technology as used with child molesters is critically reviewed. Basic
questions concerning the sexual preference hypothesis, the criterion problem,
the lack of procedural standardization, the kind of test penile tumescence
measures exemplifies, and potentially problematic inferences involved in
penile tumescence assessment are examined. There is evidence of test-retest
and internal consistency reliabilities for certain penile tumescence
measurement procedures. While there are a significant number of studies
providing evidence that these techniques can accurately distinguish child
abusers from nonoffenders, many are plagued by
methodological problems Suggestions for future research are given. |
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Rooth, G. (1973). Exhibitionism, sexual violence and paedophilia. British
Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 705–710. |
Traditionally,
exhibitionists have been considered harmless, but recent papers have
questioned that view. 30 cases of persistent exhibitionism are reviewed. The
evidence suggests that sexual violence was rare among them, although a high
proportion had a history of pedophiliac or hebephiliac
activities, and there were 3 cases of incest. Other sexual deviations of
these cases are considered, and it is suggested that exhibitionists are not a
homogeneous group. Exposing, peeping, touching, and pedophiliac activities
first appear in childhood and may, under unfavorable circumstances, develop a
degree of autonomy at the expense of normal heterosexual development. Further
studies might investigate the choice of witness to clarify the relationship
between exhibitionism and other deviations. |
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Sample, L. L., & Bray, T. M. (2006). Are sex
offenders different? An examination of rearrest
patterns. Criminal Justice Policy
Review, 17, 83–102. |
Sex
offender registration and community notification requirements are universally
applied to all sex offenders irrespective of their type. In this way, these
policies treat sex offenders as a homogenous group, assuming that they
exhibit similar reoffending patterns regardless of the age of their victims
or the nature of their crimes. In this article, the authors highlight the
assumption of homogeneity underlying sex offender laws and review it in light
of current empirical evidence. They also offer a case study of recidivism rates
for sex offenders in |
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Studer, L. H., Aylwin, A. S., Clelland, S. R, Reddon, J. R.,
& Frenzel, R. R. (2002). Primary erotic
preference in a group of child molesters. International
Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 25, 173–180. |
The
purpose of this paper is to evaluate the validity of the distinction between
incestuous and nonincestuous offenders using
phallometric data. The sample was drawn from 217 voluntary patients in a sex
offender treatment program. Phallometric measurement was used to examine
erotic preferences from four categories: prepubescent, pubescent/hebephilic,
adult, and pangynephilic. The most significant
finding from the study was that the erotic preference testing could not
distinguish with certainty incestuous from nonincestuous
child molesters. Thus study lends support to the notion that the categories
of incestuous and nonincestuous offenders are less
distinct than continuously thought. |
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Last updated 28 December 2011 |