HPS1042S: THE BIOLOGY OF DEATH AND IMMORTALITY: EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE, 1860-1940.
Instructor: Nikolai Krementsov, e-mail: <n.krementsov@utoronto.ca>
Office hours: Tuesdays 2-4 PM, at Vic # 312.
This research seminar is focused on the interactions between experimental medicine and experimental biology in Canada, France, Germany, Great Britain, Russia, and the United States during the period 1860-1940. Through the reading of primary and secondary sources (including science fiction), it will explore the interplay of ideas, institutions, and practices of experimental biology and experimental medicine with contemporary political, ideological, cultural, and social developments. It will analyze the emergence of such experimental techniques as organ and tissue transplants, reanimation, the perfusion of isolated organs, tissue cultures, blood transfusions, and organotherapies. The seminar will examine how diverse biomedical fields, including pharmacology, endocrinology, histology, gerontology, human genetics, hematology, and immunology, were animated by the discussions of death and immortality.
Objectives:
1. To become familiar with a complex set of ideas about life and death embodied in the development of and interaction between experimental biology and experimental medicine.
2. To increase the ability to analyze scientific ideas and practices within their ideological/cultural frameworks, institutional settings, personal networks, and patronage patterns.
3. To master a comparative perspective on the development of scientific ideas, practices, and disciplines.
4. To develop skills in oral presentations and debate and in writing on historical issues.
5. To master main genres of historical writings (a book review, an encyclopedia entry, a research article)
January 12. 1. Introduction: life and death as research subjects
January 19. 2. Experimental Medicine: ideas and ideologies
January 26. 3. Experimental Medicine: institutions and patrons
February 2. 4. Experimental Biology: ideas and ideologies
February 9. 5. Experimental Biology: institutions and patrons
February 16. 6. The Biology of Death: Raymond Pearl
February 20-24 Reading Week
March 2. 7. Experimental Death and Experimental Life: isolated organs and tissue cultures
March 9. 8. From Death to Life: transplantations and regeneration
March 16. 9. Faulty Heredity: from eugenics to medical genetics
March 23. 10. Medicine of Immortality: blood
March 30. 11. Fountain of Youth: aging and rejuvenation
April 6. 12. Chemistry of Life and Death: hormones and vitamins
April 13. 13. The Dream of Immortality: science, medicine, and fiction
ORGANIZATION:
The course is arranged into 13 two-hour seminars. Each
seminar will be in two sections with a 10 minute break in between, and as many
discussions with the instructor as students need during the office hours. All
students are expected to have read the assigned readings and to participate
actively in class discussion, including days when written assignments are due.
Each week one student will be responsible for stimulating class discussion.
Presenters will be given fifteen minutes to present the day’s topic and to
raise discussion questions, but should not simply summarize the readings. The
presenters should also bring copies of a one-page list of discussion points for
the members of the class. Discussion points may include criticisms,
disagreements, support, analysis of sources, and queries of the readings. Each
participant should bring to the class three questions (printed) for the
discussion.
There will be three written assignments:
1. Students will write a book review (500-800 words); due on February 2;
2. Students will write an encyclopedia entry: a concise, short, 3-5-page history (~1,000-1,500 words) of a chosen field, experimental technique, important personality, etc. (e.g. tissue cultures, gerontology, Raymond Pearl, etc.) in a particular locale (e.g. France, Germany, Canada, etc.); due on March 2;
3. Students will also write a 20-25-page (~6,000-8,000 words) research paper on a subject of their choosing. Students must discuss their paper topics with the instructor by February 16. The first draft of the paper (including a well-developed bibliography of primary and secondary sources) is due at the beginning of class on March 16. The final draft of the paper is due at the beginning of the last class on April 13, 2006. All written assignments must be printed on standard paper, double spaced, using 12 pts font. E-mail submissions will not be accepted! These assignments will be discussed in greater detail during the course of the semester. We will also hold a workshop with students presenting their research papers sometime in early May.
Writing is an essential skill in any historical work and I highly recommend that you buy and study a small, but very useful book, Elements of Style by W. Strunk, Jr. and E. B. White (preferably, fourth edition).
UofT also offers help with perfecting your writing skills and I urge you to use it:
Advice on Academic Writing: http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/advise.html;
Plagiarism: http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/plagsep.html;
Critical Reading leads to Critical Thinking: http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/critrdg.html
Writing An Academic Book Review: http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/bkrev.html
For further suggestions on writing a book review see George Sarton, “Notes on the Reviewing Learned Books,” Isis, 1950, vol. 41, pp. 149-158 (available On-line through UofT Libraries)
The grading for the course will be distributed as follows:
Class presentations 20%
Book review 15%
Encyclopedia entry 15%
Essay (first draft) 15 %
Essay (final draft) 35%
The lateness penalty for all assignments is 1% of the assignment’s mark a day!!!
READINGS AND RESEARCH SOURCES:
Readings are intended to give you material for thought and discussion. They are divided into “required” and “recommended.” The first you must read for a corresponding week, the last you can read at your leisure, if you want to know more on the topic. On-line readings must be accessed (downloaded and/or printed out) at least two weeks prior the class for which they are assigned. No excuses such as “server was down” or “my computer crashed” will be accepted!!!
There are several very useful collections of historic materials relevant to our subjects accessible via WWW and I urge you to use them for your assignments and additional readings:
US NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE: http://www.nlm.nih.gov
BIBLIOTHÈQUE INTERUNIVERSITAIRE DE MÉDECINE: http://194.254.96.19/histmed/
HISTORY OF HEALTH SCIENCES: http://mla-hhss.org/histlink.htm
THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF PHILADELPHIA: http://www.collphyphil.org/HMDLSubweb/indexhmdl.htm_1.htm
WELLCOME TRUST: http://medhist.ac.uk/
HISTORY OF BIOMEDICINE, the Karolinska Institute: http:/www.mic.ki.se/history
1. DEATH AND IMMORTALITY: EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY. Introduction
2. EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE: IDEAS AND IDEOLOGIES.
William Randall Albury, “Ideas of life and death,” Companion encyclopedia of the history of medicine (London, 1993), vol. 1, pp. 249-280.
Alan G. Wasserstein, “Death and the internal milieu: Claude Bernard and the origins of experimental medicine,” Perspectives in biology and medicine, 1996, 39 (3): 313-326.
William Coleman, “The Cognitive Basis of the Discipline: Claude Bernard on
Physiology,” Isis 1985, 76: 49-70; On-line.
Frederic L. Holmes, “Origins of the concept of the milieu
intérieur,” F. Grande Covien and Maurice B. Vissher (eds) Claude Bernard and
Experimental Medicine (Cambridge: Schenkman, 1967), pp. 179-192.
Daniel P. Todes, Darwin without Malthus: the struggle for existence in
Russian evolutionary thought ( Ch. 5. “Mechnikov, Darwinism, and the
Phagocytic Theory,” pp. 82-103.
A. L. Cochrane, “Elie Metschnikoff and his theory of an 'instinct de la mort',” (and two commentaries: Mark Aveline, “Elie Metschnikoff and his theory of an 'instinct de la vie',” and Tomas Hugh, “Early thoughts on death, disease, and sex,”) International journal of epidemiology 2003, 32 (1): 32-36; on-line
RECOMMENDED:
Mary Shelly, Frankenstein (any edition)
Claude Bernard (1865) Introduction to Experimental Medicine (any edition)
Louis Pasteur (1878) Germ Theory and Its Applications to Medicine and Surgery; On-line at http://www.fordham.edu/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?236052,11989
Il’ia Mechnikov, Essays on Human Nature (any edition); Helena Gourko, Donald I. Williamson and Alfred I. Tauber, eds., The Evolutionary Biology Papers of Elie Metchnikoff (Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2000).
O. Metchnikoff, Life of Elie Metchnikoff, 1845-1916 (any edition)
Gerald L. Geison, “Pasteur, Roux, and rabies: Scientific ‘versus’ clinical mentalities,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 1990, 45: 341-365; on-line.
Marie
O'Mahony, Cyborg: The Man-Machine
(London: Thames & Hudson, 2002).
Pain and suffering in history: narratives of science, medicine and culture (Los Angeles: University of California, Los Angeles, 1999).
Gerard J. Gruman, A history of Ideas about the Prolongation
of Life. [Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1966, 56
(9)]; On-line; recent reprint: Gerald J. Gruman, A History of
Ideas about the Prolongation of Life (New York: Springer, 2003).
3. EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE: INSTITUTIONS, DISCIPLINES, AND PATRONS.
Timothy Lenoir, “Science for the Clinic: Science Policy and
the Formation of Carl Ludwig’s Institute in Leipzig,” in idem, Instituting Science: The Cultural Production
of Scientific Disciplines (Stanford, CA: Stanford University
Press, 1997), pp. 96-130.
Paul Weindling, “Scientific elites and laboratory organization in fin de siècle Paris and Berlin: the Pasteur Institute and Robert Koch’s Institute for Infectious Disease compared,” in Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams (eds.) The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992), pp. 170-188.
L. Emmett Holt, “A Sketch of the Development of the
Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research,” Science, 1906, 24 (601):
1-6; On-line
Philip J. Pauly, “General Physiology and the Discipline of Physiology, 1890-1935,” in Gerald L. Geison, ed., Physiology in the American Context, 1850-1940, (Bethesda, MD: American Physiological Society, 1987), pp. 195-208. On-line at http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~pauly/pauly%20general%20physiology.doc
Daniel P. Todes, “Pavlov’s physiology factory,” Isis, 1997, 88: 205-46. On-line
J. H.
Cassedy, “The New age of health laboratories,” On-line at http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/pdf/newage.pdf
RECOMMENDED:
Robert E. Kohler, “The enzyme theory and the origins of biochemistry,” Isis 1973, 54: 181-196; On-line
Daniel Todes, Pavlov’s Physiology Factory: Experiment,
Interpretation, Laboratory Enterprise
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002).
George W. Corner, A history of the Rockefeller Institute, 1901-1953 (New York: Rockefeller Institute Press, 1964).
Darwin H. Stapelton, ed., Creating a tradition of biomedical research: contributions to the history of the Rockefeller University (New York: The Rockefeller University Press, 2004).
William Coleman and Frederic L. Holmes (eds.) The investigative enterprise: experimental physiology in nineteenth-century medicine (Berkeley: University of California press, 1988).
4. EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY: IDEAS AND IDEOLOGIES.
Elizabeth Gaskins, The Rise of Experimental Biology (New York: Random House, 1970); Ch. 6-7, pp. 132-65.
Garland E. Allen, Life Sciences in the Twentieth Century (New York: Wiley, 1975), “Introduction,” pp. xi-xxiii.
Garland E. Allen, “Mechanism, vitalism and organicism in late nineteenth and twentieth-century biology: the importance of historical context,” Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biological & Biomedical Sciences, 2005, 36: 261–283; On-line
Philip J. Pauly, Controlling Life: Jacques Loeb and the Engineering Ideal in Biology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987): “Introduction,” pp. 3-8; Ch. 2, “The Engineering Standpoint,” pp. 28-54.
Fässler,
P. E. “Hans Spemann (1869-1941) and the Freiburg School of Embryology,” International journal of developmental
biology 1996, 40 (1): 49-57.
Mark B. Adams, “Last Judgment: The Visionary Biology of J. B. S. Haldane,” Journal of the History of Biology, 2000, 33: 457–491; on-line.
RECOMMENDED:
J. B. S. Haldane, Dedalus or Science & the Future (any edition); available on-line at various sites, for instance, http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/Daedalus.html.
Bertrand Russell, Icarus, or, the Future of Science (any edition) available on-line at http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/Icarus.html.
J. B. S. Haldane, “Last Judgment,” in idem, Possible worlds (London: Chatto & Windus, 1927), pp. 287-312.
Arthur Koestler, The Case of the Midwife Toad (any edition)
Garland E. Allen, Life Sciences in the Twentieth Century
(New York: Wiley. 1975).
Peter L. Lutz, The rise of experimental biology: an illustrated history (Totowa, N.J.: Humana Press, 2002).
5. EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY: INSTITUTIONS, DISCIPLINES, AND PATRONS.
Chas W. Green, “The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology,” Science, 1922, vol. 55, pp. 379-380, On-line.
Nic. Koltzoff, “Experimental Biology and the work of the Moscow Institute,” Science, 1924, 59: 497-502. on-line.
Irmgard Muller, “The Impact of the Zoological Station in Naples on developmental physiology,” International Journal of Developmental Biology, 1996, 40: 103-111
Robert E. Kohler, Partners in Science: Foundations and Natural Scientists, 1900-1945, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991), Ch. 1, pp. 1-11.
Mark B. Adams, “Science, Ideology, and Structure: The Kol'tsov Institute, 1900-1970,” in Lubrano, Linda L. and Susan G. Solomon (eds) The Social Context of Soviet Science (Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1980), pp. 173-204.
Robert E. Kohler, “Science, Foundations, and American universities in the 1920s,” Osiris, 1987, 3: 135-164; On-line.
RECOMMENDED:
Robert E. Kohler, Partners in Science: Foundations and Natural Scientists, 1900-1945, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
Lily E. Kay, The Molecular Vision of Life: Caltech, the
Rockefeller Foundation, and the
Rise of the New
Biology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993);
particularly, “Introduction,” Ch. 1. “‘Social Control’: Rockefeller
Foundation’s Agenda for the Human Sciences, 1913-1933,” and “Conclusion,” pp.
3-57, 280-282.
Jane Maienschein, 100 Years Exploring Life, 1888-1988, The Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole (Boston: Jones and Bartlett, 1989).
6. THE BIOLOGY OF DEATH.
Raymond Pearl (1920) “The Biology of Death,” Scientific Monthly, 1921, 12-13 (7 chapters): On-line
Joseph L. Appleton, “Pearl’s Biology of Death,” Science, 1923, vol. 57: 663-665; On-line
RECOMMENDED:
Julian Huxley, Essays in popular science, (London: Chatto & Windus, 1926), in particular: “Why do more boy babies die than girls?”; “Biology in Utopia”; “The control of the life-cycle”; “The meaning of death”; “Elixir vitae.”
7. EXPERIMENTAL DEATH AND EXPERIMENTAL LIFE: ISOLATED ORGANS AND TISSUE CULTURES.
Jan A.
Witkowski, “Experimental pathology and the origins of tissue culture: Leo
Loeb's Contribution,” Medical
History, 1983, 27:
269-288; On-line at http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/tocrender.fcgi?action=archive&journal=228
Jan A.
Witkowski, “Alexis Carrel and the mysticism of tissue culture,” Medical History 1979, 23:
279-296. On-line
J. A. Witkowski, ‘Dr. Carrel’s Immortal Cells’, Medical History,
40 (1980), 129–40; on-line.
Duncan Wilson, “The Early History of Tissue Culture in Britain: The Interwar Years,” Social History of Medicine, 2005, 18 (2): pp. 225–243; on-line
Hannah
Landecker, “New times for biology: nerve cultures and the advent of cellular
life in vitro,” Studies in history
and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences, 2002, 33C:
667-694; On-line.
Bronwyn Parry, “Technologies of immortality: the brain on ice,” Studies in history and philosophy of biological and biomedical sciences, 2004, 35: 391–413; On-line
RECOMMENDED:
Alexander Belyaev (1926), The Head of Professor Dowell (any edition)
J. D. Bernal (1929), The world, the flesh and the devil
(any edition); available on line at
http://cscs.umich.edu/~crshalizi/Bernal/
A. Carrel, Man the unknown (London: Hamish Hamilton, 1935)
Hugh E.
Stephenson, Jr., Robert S. Kimpton, America's
first Nobel prize in medicine or physiology: the story of Guthrie and Carrel
(Boston, Mass.: Midwestern Vascular Surgery Society and Hugh E. Stephenson,
2001)
W. S. Edwards and P. D. Edwards, Alexis Carrel, visionary
surgeon (Springfield, Ill.: Charles C Thomas, 1974)
S. Robert Hilfer, The Emergence of Experimental Embryology in the United States (Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine, 1990); on-line
R. Scurlock, ed., History and Origins of Cryogenics (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992).
8. FROM DEATH TO LIFE: REGENERATION AND TRANSPLANTATION.
Hans Przibram, “Autophoric Transplantation, Its Theory and Practise,” American naturalist,. On-line
M. G. H. Bishop, “The making and re-making of Man. 1, Mary Shelley's 'Frankenstein' and transplant surgery,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 1994, 87: 749-751
Susan E.
Lederer, “Animal Parts/Human Bodies: Organic Transplantation in Early
Twentieth-Century America,” Animal/Human
Boundary: Historical Perspectives (Rochester: University of
Rochester Press, 2002), pp. 305-329.
Thomas E. Starzl, “France and the early history of organ transplantation,” Perspectives in biology and medicine, 1993-94, 37: 35-47.
Adele E. Clarke, “Research Materials and Reproductive
Science in the United States, 1910–1940.” in Gerald L. Geison, ed. Physiology in the American Context,
(Bethesda: American Physiological Society, 1987), pp. 323–350.
RECOMMENDED:
H. G. Wells (1896), The Island of Doctor Moreau (any edition)
Eugen
Korschelt, (1927) Regeneration and
transplantation (Canton, Mass.: Science History, 1990).
Charles E. Dinsmore, ed., A history of regeneration research: milestones in the evolution of a science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991)
Nadey S.
Hakim, Vassilios E. Papalois (eds). History
of organ and cell transplantation (London: Imperial College Press,
2003)
René Küss,
Pierre Bourget, An illustrated history of organ transplantation: the great
adventure of the century (Rueil-Malmaison, France: Sandoz, 1992).
9. FAULTY
HEREDITY: FROM EUGENICS TO MEDICAL GENETICS.
T.H. Morgan, “The relation of genetics to physiology and medicine,” Scientific Monthly, 1935, vol. 41, pp. 5-18. On-line
Mark S. Lubinsky, “Degenerate heredity: the history of a doctrine in medicine and biology,” Perspectives in biology and medicine, 1993, 37 (1): 74-90.
John C. Waller, ‘The Illusion of an Explanation’: The Concept of Hereditary Disease, 1770–1870,” Journal of the History of Medicine, 2003, 57: 410-448; on-line.
Diane B. Paul, The Politics of Heredity: Essays on Eugenics, Biomedicine, and the Nature-Nurture Debate (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998), Ch. 9 “Genes and Contagious Disease: The Rise and Fall of a Metaphor,” e-book is available on-line at UofT libraries
Kirill Rossiianov, “Beyond Species: Il’ya Ivanov and His
Experiments on Cross-Breeding Humans with Anthropoid Apes,” Science in
Context 2002, 15 (2): 277–316; On-line
RECOMMENDED:
Olaf Stapleton, Last and First Men (any edition)
Aldous Huxley (1932), Brave New World (any edition).
H. J. Muller, Out of the Night. A Biologist’s View of the Future (New York: Vanguard, 1935).
Daniel J. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York: Knopf, 1985);
William H. Schneider, Quality and Quantity: The Quest for Biological Regeneration in Twentieth-century France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990);
Mark B. Adams (ed.) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in
Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia (New York: Oxford University Press,
1990).
10. MEDICINE OF IMMORTALITY: BLOOD.
Kim Pelis, “Blood clots: the nineteenth-century debate over the substance and means of transfusion in Britain,” Annals of Science 1997; 54(4): 331-60.
Kim Pelis,
“Blood standards and failed fluids: clinic, lab, and transfusion solutions in
London, 1868-1916,” History of
science 2001, 39, pt. 2, no. 124, p. 185-213.
Kim Pelis,
“Transfusion with Teeth,” in Robert Bud, Bernard Finn, and Helmuth
Trischler (eds.) Manifesting
Medicine: Bodies
and Machines (Amsterdam:
Harwood, 1999), pp. 1-29.
William H. Schneider, “Blood transfusion in peace and war, 1900-1918,” Social History of Medicine. 1997, 10(1): 105-26; on-line.
Douglas W.
Huestis, “The life and death of Alexander Bogdanov, physician,” Journal of medical biography,
1996, 4 (3), 141-147.
Mark B. Adams, “’Red Star’: Another look at Aleksandr Bogdanov,” Slavic Review, 1989, 48 (1), 1-15; on-line.
RECOMMENDED:
Bram Stoker, Dracula
(any edition)
Alexander
Bogdanov, Red Star (any edition)
Douglas P.
Starr, Blood: an epic history of
medicine and commerce (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998).
11. FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH: AGING AND REJUVENATION.
W. Andrew
Achenbaum, Crossing frontiers:
gerontology emerges as a science (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1995), pp. 21-51.
Merriley
Borell, “Brown-Séquard's organo-therapy and its appearance in America at the
end of the 19th century,” Bulletin
of the History of Medicine 1976, 50: 309-320; on-line.
Chandak
Sengoopta, “’Dr. Steinach coming to make old young!’: sex glands, vasectomy and
the quest for rejuvenation in the roaring twenties,” Endeavour 2003, 27 (3): 122-126; On-line.
Chandak
Senogoopta, “Rejuvenation and the prolongation of life: Science or quackery?” Perspectives
in biology and medicine, 1993, 37 (1): 55-66.
RECOMMENDED:
Roald
Dahl, My Uncle Oswald (any edition)
Ilya Metchnikoff, The Prolongation of Life: Optimistic Studies (New York: Springer, 2004; reprint of 1908 edition);
Morris
Fishbain, Medical Follies (New York: Boni & Liveright, 1925), pp.
161-71.
Harry
Benjamin, “Eeugen Steinach, 1861-1944,” Scientific monthly 1945, 61 (6):
427-442, On-line.
David
Hamilton, The Monkey Gland Affair (London, Chatto & Windus, 1986).
W. Andrew
Achenbaum, Crossing frontiers:
gerontology emerges as a science (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1995)
John M. Hoberman, Testosterone dreams: rejuvenation,
aphrodisia, doping (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005).
12. CHEMISTRY OF LIFE AND DEATH: HORMONES AND VITAMINS.
R. G.
Hoskins, “The functions of the endocrine organs,” Scientific Monthly
1924, 18 (3): 257-272, On-line
B. A. Houssay, “The concept of internal secretion,” F. Grande Covien and Maurice B. Vissher (eds) Claude Bernard and Experimental Medicine (Cambridge: Schenkman, 1967), pp. 163-69.
Merriley
Borell, “Organotherapy, British physiology, and discovery of the Internal
Secretions,” Journal of the History
of Biology 1976, 9: 235-268, on-line.
Merriley
Borell, “Organotherapy and the emergence of reproductive endocrinology,” Journal of the History of Biology
1985, 18: 1-30, on-line.
Robert B.
Tattersall, “Pancreatic organotherapy for diabetes, 1889-1921,” Medical history 1995, 39: 288-316; On-line
Nelly
Oudshoorn, “United we stand: The pharmaceutical industry, laboratory, and
clinic in the development of sex hormones into scientific drugs, 1920-1940,” Science, Technology, and Human Values 1993, 18: 5-24. On-line
Alesia Maltz, “Physicians' scepticism towards vitamins: The issue of negative causality,” Society for the Social History of Medicine Bulletin 1987, 40: 41-44.
Harmke
Kamminga, “Vitamins and the dynamics of molecularization: Biochemistry, policy
and industry in Britain, 1914-1939,” Soraya de Chadarevian, Harmke Kamminga
(eds.) Molecularizing biology and
medicine (Amsterdam: Harwood, 1998), pp.83-105.
RECOMMENDED:
Victor
Cornelius Medvei, The history of
clinical endocrinology: a comprehensive account of endocrinology from earliest
times to the present day (Pearl River, N.Y.: Parthenon Pub. Group, 1993).
Joseph Meites, Bernard T. Donovan, Samuel M. McCann (eds). Pioneers in neuroendocrinology (New York: Plenum, 1975-1978). 2 v.
Kenneth J.
Carpenter, Beriberi, white rice,
and vitamin B: a disease, a cause, and a cure (Berkeley, CA:
University of California Press, 2000).
Robert E. Kohler, From Medical Chemistry to Biochemistry: The Making of a Biomedical Discipline (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982).
Mark Weatherall, Dynamic science: Biochemistry in
Cambridge, 1898-1949 (London:
Wellcome Trust, 1982)
Frederic L. Holmes, Between Biology and Medicine: The Formation of Intermediary Metabolism, four lectures delivered at the International Summer School in History of Science (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California, 1992).
13. THE DREAM OF IMMORTALITY: SCIENCE, MEDICINE, AND FICTION.
Craig M.
Klugman, “From cyborg fiction to medical reality,” Literature and medicine 2001, 20, (1): 39-54; on-line.
Mark
Jeffreys, “Dr. Daedalus and his minotaur: mythic warnings about genetic
engineering from J.B.S. Haldane, François Jacob, and Andrew Niccol's
'Gattaca',” Journal of medical
humanities 2001, 22, (2): 137-152; on-line.
Mark B. Adams, “The Quest for Immortality: Visions and Presentiments in Science and Literature,” in Stephen G. Post and Robert H. Binstock, eds., The Fountain of Youth: Cultural, Scientific, and Ethical Perspectives on a Biomedical Goal (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), pp. 38-71.
Herbert S.
Donow, “Human Obsolescence and Rejuvenescence: Some literary treatments,” Gerontology
and geriatrics education 1988, 8 (1-2): 113-122.
P. L.
Selvais, “The case of Professor Presbury: A literary digression on the
controversial Birth of Endocrinology,” Journal of Medical Biography
1998, 6 (3) 149-151.
Michelle
Hofmann, “Longevity in a Bottle? Aging and Rejuvenation in Medicine and Literature”
(2005), MS.
RECOMMENDED:
Robert
Heinlein, Time Enough for Love (any edition); Methuselah Children
(any edition)
Reinhard
Mocek, “Biology of liberation: Some historical aspects of 'proletarian race
hygienics',” Kurt Bayertz, Roy Porter (eds.) From physico-theology to bio-technology (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1998), pp. 224-231.
George
Slusser, Gary Westfahl, and Eric S. Rabkin, Immortal Engines: Life Extension
and Immortality in Science Fiction and Fantasy (Athens: University of
Georgia press, 1996).
Gary
Westfahl and George Slusser, eds., No Cure for the Future: Disease and Medicine
in Science Fiction and Fantasy (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002)
Jon Turney, Frankenstein’s Footsteps: Science,
Genetics and Popular Culture (London, 1998).
Susan Lederer, Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of
Nature (An Exhibition by the National Library of Medicine) (New Brunswick,
NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2002)