HPS319H. HISTORY OF MEDICINE
II:
MEDICINE AND MODERNITY, 17th-20th
cc.
Spring 2007: Tuesdays 6-8 PM
at Victoria College # 323
CCNET
url: http://courses.ece.utoronto.ca/20071/hps319h1s/
Instructor: Nikolai Krementsov, Associate Professor, IHPST
e-mail: <n.krementsov@utoronto.ca>
OFFICE
HOURS: Thursdays
2-4 PM, in Vic # 312.
Tutors:
Delia Gavrus, e-mail: <delia.gavrus@utoronto.ca>;
Brigit Ramsingh, e-mail:
<brigit.ramsingh@utoronto.ca>
This course covers the history of medicine during the
“age of modernity,” from the mid-17th century to the present. It
will center on the so-called “Western” or “scientific” medicine and explore the
interplay of medical ideas, institutions, and practices with contemporary
politics, ideology, science, economics, law, technology, and society writ
large.
January 9. 1. Introduction: four centuries of
modernity
January 16. 2. New diseases, new ideas, old
practices: the scientific
revolution
January 23. 3. The new medical schools: Leyden,
Edinburgh, and beyond
January 30. 4. Medicine institutionalized: the rise of
the hospital
February 6. 5. From art to science: the “laboratory”
revolution
February 13. 6. Scientific medicine: the “germ” revolution
February 18-24. Reading Week
February 27. 7. The medical profession: historical sociology of medicine
March 6. 8. Medicine and war: “epidemics of
injuries” (and diseases)
March 13. 9. Public health, medicine, and the state:
from city sewers to
the WHO
March 20. 10. Medicine and technology: the
industrialization of
medicine
March 27. 11. Medicine as a business and health as a
commodity:
economics of medical care
April 3. 12. The doctor and the patient: from the
“Hippocratic Oath”
to the “Patient’s Bill of Rights”
April 10. 13. Health and disease: past, present,
and (possible) future(s)
The final examination will be
held during the examination period (TBA)
The course is arranged into 13 two-hour lectures. Each
lecture will be in two sections with a 10 minute break in between. Prior to a
lecture, students are required to access and print-out the lecture’s outline
available on the CCNET course site. There will be a tutorial to go with each
lecture, and as many individual discussions with the instructor and the tutor
as students need. The tutorial sessions will discuss the weekly readings linked
to the lecture topic, and will include oral presentations from the class.
Written assignments will include a review (500-800 words) of a book, an
article, or a movie (subject to approval by the tutor) and a research essay
(5-6,000 words) on the topic of student choosing (subject to approval by the
tutor and the instructor).
The
grading for the
course will be distributed as follows:
Class participation 20%
Book/article review 20%
Essay 30%
Final exam 30%
The deadlines:
The review must be handed in by February ; the essay topic should be approved by the instructor by
March and the essay must be in on (or before) the last day of classes on
April . The lateness penalty for all assignments
is 1% of the assignment’s mark a day!!! All written assignments must be
printed, doubles-spaced, using 12 pt font. E-mail submissions are not accepted!
Writing is an
essential skill in this course and I highly recommend that you buy and
carefully study a small,
but very useful book, Elements of Style by W. Strunk, Jr and E. B. White
(preferably, fourth edition). UofT also offers help with perfecting your
writing skills and I urge you to use it:
Advice on Academic Writing:
http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/advise.html;
Plagiarism:
http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/plagsep.html;
Critical Reading leads to
Critical Thinking: http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/critrdg.html
Writing An Academic Book
Review: http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/bkrev.html
For further suggestions on
writing a book review see George Sarton, “Notes on the Reviewing Learned
Books,” Isis, 1950, vol. 41, pp. 149-158 (available on-line through UofT
Libraries)
WEB
RESOURCES:
There are many resources for
the history of medicine available on the WWW. Below are several useful links
for additional reading and research.
US
NATIONAL LIBRARY OF MEDICINE: http://www.nlm.nih.gov
BIBLIOTHÈQUE INTERUNIVERSITAIRE DE MÉDECINE: http://194.254.96.19/histmed/
HISTORY OF HEALTH SCIENCES:
http://mla-hhss.org/histlink.htm
THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS OF
PHILADELPHIA: http://www.collphyphil.org/HMDLSubweb/indexhmdl.htm_1.htm
WELLCOME TRUST:
http://medhist.ac.uk/
FREE MEDICAL JOURNALS ON LINE:
http://www.freemedicaljournals.com/
HISTORY OF BIOMEDICINE, the
Karolinska Institute: http:/www.mic.ki.se/history
Several leading journals
in the history of medicine are available on-line at the UofT libraries and via
Utordial:
Medical History
READINGS:
Readings are intended to supplement the lectures and give you material for thought and
discussion. They are divided into “required” and “recommended.” The first you
must read before each corresponding lecture, the second you can read at your
leisure, if you want to know more on the topic. Supplementary materials may
also be handed out in class or posted on CCNET during the course of the
semester. There are many general texts on the history of medicine, which can be
used as background readings for the course. I can recommend the following
books: Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind (London: HarperCollins
Publishers, 1997); Jacalyn Duffin, History of Medicine (Toronto: University of
Toronto Press, 1999); Paul Strathern, A Brief History of Medicine (New York:
Carrol &Graf Publishers, 2005). None of them, however, covers all the
material in the course and can be used as a text-book.
1.
INTRODUCTION: FOUR CENTURIES OF MODERNITY
RECOMMENDED:
Robert E.
Herzstein, Western Civilization
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1975), vol. 2. From the Seventeenth Century
to the Present.
Fiction:
Josephine
Tey, The Daughter of Time (any edition)
2.
NEW DISEASES, NEW IDEAS, OLD PRACTICES: THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
H. J. Cook, “The new
philosophy and medicine in seventeenth-century England,” in D. C. Lindberg and
R. S. Westman, eds., Reappraisals of the Scientific Revolution,
(Cambridge, 1990), pp. 397-436.
Bruce T. Moran, “A survey of
chemical medicine in the 17th century: spanning court, classroom, and
cultures,” Pharmacy in history, 1996, 38, no. 3, pp. 121-133
RECOMMENDED:
R. Boyle, Memoirs for the
Natural History of Humane Blood (1684). Preface
http://www.collphyphil.org/HMDLSubweb/Pages/B/BoyleR/memhumblPrefA8r.htm
Nicholas Culpeper (1616-1654).
The English physitian: or an
astrologo-physical discourse of the vulgar herbs of this nation
(London: Peter Cole, 1652).
http://www.med.yale.edu/library/historical/culpeper/culpeper.htm
John Westover (1643-1706), The journal of John Westover, surgeon,
1686-1703 / edited by William G. Hall (1992).
http://www.tutton.org/content/Westover_journal.pdf
Steven Shapin, “Descartes the
doctor: rationalism and its therapies,” British
Journal of the History of Science, 2000, 33, pp. 131-154.
Ole Peter Grell and Andrew
Cunningham, eds., Religio medici: medicine and religion in
seventeenth-century England (Aldershot: Scholar Press, 1996).
Roger
French and Andrew Wear, eds., The Medical
Revolution of the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1989).
Andrew Wear, “Medicine in
Early Modern Europe, 1500-1700,” in Lawrence I. Conrad et al., The Western Medical Tradition
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), pp. 215-362.
Fiction:
Daniel Defoe, A Journal of a
Plague Year (any edition)
Iain Pears, An instance of
the fingerpost (1999, any edition).
3.
THE NEW MEDICAL SCHOOLS: LEYDEN, EDINBURGH, AND BEYOND
Andrew Cunningham, “Medicine
to calm the mind: Boerhaave’s medical system and why it was adopted in Edinburgh,”
in Andrew Cunningham and Roger French, eds., The medical enlightenment of the eighteenth century (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1990), pp. 67-87
H. J. Cook,
“Boerhaave and the Flight from Reason in Medicine,” Bulletin for the
History of Medicine (hereafter—BHM), 2000, 74, pp. 221–240 (CCNet)
R. G. Anderson and A. D. C.
Simpson, eds., The Early Years of the
Edinburgh Medical School (Edinburgh: Royal Scottish Museum, 1976)
Lisa M. Rosner, Medical
Education in the Age of Improvement: Edinburgh Students and Apprentices,
1760-1826 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1991)
Andrew Cunningham and Roger
French, eds., The Medical Enlightenment
of the Eighteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990)
4. MEDICINE INSTITUTIONALIZED:
THE RISE OF THE HOSPITAL.
Ivan Waddington, “The Role of
the Hospital in the Development of Modern Medicine: A Sociological Analysis,” Sociology, 1973, 7, pp. 211-224
I. S. L. Loudon, “The Origins
and Growth of the Dispensary Movement in England,” BHM, 1981, 55, pp. 322-342 ( CCNET)
Charles Rosenberg,
“Introduction,” in idem, The Care of
Strangers: The Rise of America’s Hospital System (New York: Basic Books, 1987), pp. 3-11
RECOMMENDED:
Owsei Temkin, “The Role of
Surgery in the Rise of Modern Medical Thought,” idem, The Double Face of Janus (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press,
1977), pp. 487-496
John C. O'Neal, “Auenbrugger, Corvisart, and the Perception of Disease,” Eighteenth-Century
Studies, 1998, 31:4, pp. 473-489.
John Frangos, From Housing
the Poor to Healing the Sick: The Changing Institution of Paris Hospitals under
the Old Regime and Revolution (Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University
Press, 1997)
Michel Foucault, The Birth
of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception (New York: Pantheon,
1973)
Steven Cherry, Medical Services and the Hospitals in
Britain, 1860-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)
Charles Rosenberg, The Care
of Strangers: The Rise of America’s Hospital System (New York: Basic Books,
1987)
5. FROM ART TO SCIENCE: THE
“LABORATORY” REVOLUTION.
Alan G. Wasserstein, “Death
and the internal milieu: Claude Bernard and the origins of experimental
medicine,” Perspectives in biology and medicine, 1996, 39 (3) pp.
313-326.
L.
S. Jacyna, “
‘A Host of Experienced Microscopists’: The Establishment of Histology in
Nineteenth-Century Edinburgh,” BHM, 2001, 75, pp. 225 –253 (
CCNET)
Merriley Borell,
“Instrumentation and the Rise of Modern Physiology,” Science &
Technology Studies, 1987, 5 (2), pp. 53-62 ( CCNET)
RECOMMENDED:
Claude Bernard, An Introduction to the Study of Experimental
Medicine (New York: Dover Publications, 1957)
Andrew Cunningham and Perry
Williams, eds., The Laboratory Revolution
in Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1992)
W. F. Bynum, Science and
the practice of medicine in the nineteenth century (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1994)
Johannes
Buttner, “Impacts of laboratory methodology on medical thinking in the 19th
century,” Medical sciences history, 17 (2001), p. 19-25.
6. SCIENTIFIC MEDICINE: THE
“GERM” REVOLUTION.
Owsei Temkin, “An Historical
Analysis of the Concept of Infection” in idem, Double Face of Janus, pp. 465-471.
Mariko
Ogawa, “Uneasy
Bedfellows: Science and Politics in the Refutation of Koch’s Bacterial Theory
of Cholera,” BHM, 2000, 74, pp. 671–707( CCNET)
Paul Weindling, “From
medical research to clinical practice: serum therapy for diphtheria in the
1890s,” in John V. Pickstone, ed., Medical innovations in historical
perspective (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1992), pp. 72-83.
RECOMMENDED:
Modern History Sourcebook:
Edward Jenner (1749-1823): Three Original Publications On Vaccination Against
Smallpox, 1798: http://www.fordham.edu/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?236052,11863
Joseph Lister (1827-1912):
Antiseptic Principle Of The Practice Of Surgery, 1867
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1867lister.html
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895):
Germ Theory and Its Applications to Medicine and Surgery, 1878:
http://www.fordham.edu/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?236052,11989
Louis Pasteur (1822-1894):
Extension Of The Germ Theory, 1880
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1880pasteur-germ.html
Jerry L. Gaw, “A time to heal”: the diffusion of Listerism
in Victorian Britain (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1999)
(Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, v. 89)
Fiction:
Paul de Kruif, Microbe Hunters (any edition)
7. THE MEDICAL PROFESSION: HISTORICAL SOCIOLOGY OF
MEDICINE.
Bernice Hamilton, “The Medical
Profession in the Eighteenth Century,” The
Economic History Review, 1951, 4, pp. 141-169 (CCNET)
George
Weisz, “The
Emergence of Medical Specialization in the Nineteenth Century,” BHM, 2003, 77, pp. 536 –575 (CCNET)
RECOMMENDED:
Thomas Broman, “Rethinking
Professionalization: Theory, Practice, and Professional Ideology in Eighteenth
Century German Medicine,” Journal of
Modern History, 1995, 67, pp. 835-872
John C. Burnham, “How the
concept of profession evolved in the work of historians of medicine,” BHM,
1996, 70, pp. 1-24.
Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American Medicine
(Basic Books, 1982), Ch. 1, “Medicine in a Democratic Culture, 1760-1850,” pp.
30-60
George Weisz, “Medical Directories and Medical
Specialization in France, Britain, and the United States,” BHM, 1997, 71, pp. 23-68
Elaine Thomson, “Physiology,
hygiene and the entry of women to the medical profession in Edinburgh c.
1869-c. 1900,” Studies in history and philosophy of biological and
biomedical sciences, 2001, 32C, (1), pp. 105-126.
Matthew Ramsey, Professional
and Popular Medicine in France: The Social World of Medical Practice
(Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1987)
8.
MEDICINE AND WAR: ‘EPIDEMICS OF INJURIES’ (AND DISEASES)
Martin R Howard, “Walcheren
1809: A medical catastrophe,” British
Medical Journal, Dec 18-Dec
25, 1999, 319, pp. 1642-45 (CCNET)
Anne
Hardy, “
‘Straight Back to Barbarism’: Antityphoid Inoculation and the Great War, 1914,”
BHM, 2000, 74, pp. 265–290.
(CCNET)
Kim Pelis, “Taking Credit: The
Canadian Army Medical Corps and the British Conversion to Blood Transfusion in
WWI,” Journal of the History of Medicine (hereafter—JHM), 2001, 56, pp. 238-277 (CCNET)
RECOMMENDED:
Derek S. Linton,
“Was Typhoid Inoculation Safe and Effective during World War I?
Debates within German Military Medicine,” JHM, 2000, 55, pp.
101-133
Martin R. Howard, Wellington's
doctors: the British Army Medical Services in the Napoleonic wars
(Staplehurst: Spellmount, 2002)
John Shepherd, The Crimean Doctors (Liverpool Univ.
Press, 1991), vols. 1-2
George W. Adams, Doctors in blue: the medical history of the
Union Army in the Civil War (Baton Rouge; London: Louisiana State
University Press, 1996)
Roger Cooter, Mark Harrison,
and Steve Sturdy, eds., War, medicine and modernity (Stroud: Sutton,
1998)
9.
PUBLIC HEALTH, MEDICINE, AND THE STATE: FROM CITY SEWERS TO THE WHO
Christopher Hamlin, “Edwin
Chadwick, ‘Mutton Medicine,’ and the Fever Question,” BHM, 1996, 70 (2),
pp. 233-265 (CCNET)
Ann F. La Berge, “The Early 19th
century French Public Health Movement: The Disciplinary Development and
Institutionalization of Hygiene Publique,” BHM, 1984, 58, pp. 363-379 (CCNET)
Judith W. Leavitt, “ ‘Typhoid
Mary’ Strikes Back: Bacteriological Theory and Practice in Early 20th
Century Public Health,” Isis, 1992, Vol. 83, pp. 608-629 (CCNET)
RECOMMENDED:
Johan Peter Frank, “The civil
administrator, most successful physician,” (1784), translated by Jean Captain
Sabine, BHM, 1944, 16, pp. 289-318
Max von Pettenkofer, The Value of Health to A City: Two Popular
Lectures. Translated with an introduction by Henry E. Sigerist (Baltimore:
Johns Hopkins University Press, 1941), pp 15-52
George Rosen, From Medical Police to Social Medicine
(New York: Science History Publications, 1974)
Richard J. Evans, Death in
Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830-1910 (Oxford:
Oxford Univ. Press, 1987)
WHO HISTORIES:
http://www.who.int/library/historical/access/international/index.en.shtml
10.
MEDICINE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF MEDICINE
Stanley J. Reiser, Medicine and the reign of technology
(Cambridge University Press, 1978), ch. 4, “The Microscope and the revelation
of a cellular universe,” pp. 69-90
Christopher W. Crenner,
“Introduction of the blood pressure cuff into U.S. medical practice: technology
and skilled practice,” Annals of internal medicine, 1998, 128, no. 6, pp.
488-493. (CCNET)
Peter Neushul, “Marie C.
Stopes and the Popularization of the Birth Control Technology,” Technology
and Culture, 1998, 39, pp. 245-272.(CCNET)
RECOMMENDED:
Stanley J. Reiser, Medicine and the reign of technology
(Cambridge University Press, 1978)
Joseph Bronzino, Vincent
Smith, and Maurice Wade, Medical
Technology and Society: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (Cambridge, MA:
MIT Press, 1990)
Hamilton Cravens, Alan I.
Marcus, and David M. Katzman, eds., Technical
Knowledge in American Culture: Science, Technology, and Medicine Since the
Early 1800s (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996)
Joel D. Howell, Technology
in the hospital: Transforming patient care in the early 20th century
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press, 1995).
Cynthia R. Daniels and Janet
Golden, “Procreative Compounds: Popular Eugenics, Artificial Insemination and
the Rise of the American Sperm Banking Industry,” Journal of Social History,
2004, 38 (1), pp. 5-27.
Kirk Jeffrey, Machines in
Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American
Health Care (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2001)
“Artificial Heart”: www.asme.org/eyewitness/heart
This site offers a fascinating history of the development
of “artificial heart” technology
“A Brief History of
Electrocardiography”: www.ecglibrary.com/ecghistory
11.
MEDICINE AS A BUSINESS AND HEALTH AS A COMMODITY: ECONOMICS OF MEDICAL CARE
Samuel H. Adams (1905),
“Peruna and the Bracers,” from S. Rappoport and H. Wright, eds., Great Adventures in Medicine (New York:
The Dial Press, 1952), pp. 480-489
Paul Starr, The Social Transformation of American
Medicine (Basic Books, 1982), Book II, Ch. 5, “The Coming of the
Corporation,” pp. 420-449
RECOMMENDED:
Charles C. Mann and Mark L.
Plummer, The Aspirin Wars: Money, Medicine and 100 Years of Rampant
Competition (New York: Knopf, 1991)
Jones, Edgar. The Business
of Medicine: The Extraordinary History of Glaxo, a Baby Food Producer, Which
Became One of the World's Most Successful Pharmaceutical Companies (London:
Profile, 2001)
J. Liebenau, G. J. Higby, and
E. C. Stroud, eds., Pill Peddlers
(Madison: American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, 1990)
“MEDICINE AND MADISON AVENUE”:
http://scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/mma/
This site provides a wealth of information on the
relation between advertising industry and medicine
12.
THE DOCTOR AND THE PATIENT: FROM THE “HIPPOCRATIC OATH” TO THE “BILL OF
PATIENT’S RIGHTS”
“THE OATH” in Hippocrates, Works (translated by Francis Adams)
http://etext.library.adelaide.edu.au/h/h7w/oath.html
(CCNET)
Paul
Weindling, “The
Origins of Informed Consent: The International Scientific Commission on Medical
War Crimes, and the Nuremberg Code,” BHM, 2001, 75, pp. 37–71 (CCNET)
G. Annas, “A National Bill of
Patient’s Rights,” New England Journal of
Medicine, 1998, 338 (10), pp. 695-699 (CCNET)
Paul Starr, “Health and the right to privacy,” American Journal of Law and Medicine, 1999; 25, pp. 193-201 (CCNET)
RECOMMENDED:
T. Percival, Medical
Jurisprudence; or, A Code of Ethics and Institutes Adapted to the Professions
of Physic and Surgery (1794);
http://www.collphyphil.org/HMDLSubweb/Pages/P/PercivalT/medjurPgAccess.htm
Edward Shorter, Bedside
Manners: The Troubled History of Doctors and Patients (New York: Simon and
Schuster, 1985)
M.L. Tina Stevens, Bioethics
in America: Origins and Cultural Politics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 2000).
David J. Rothman, Strangers
at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision
Making (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 2003).
13.
HEALTH AND DISEASE: PAST, PRESENT, AND (POSSIBLE) FUTURE(S)
Owsei Temkin, “Health and
Disease,” in idem, The Double Face of
Janus (Baltimore: Johns
Hopkins University Press, 1977), pp. 419–40
Owsei Temkin, “The Scientific
Approach to Disease: Specific Entity and Individual Sickness,” in ibid, pp. 441–55
Charles E. Rosenberg, “Framing Disease:
Illness, Society, and History,” in idem, Explaining
Epidemics and Other Studies in the History of Medicine (Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1992), pp. 305-318
RECOMMENDED:
Susan Sontag, “Illness as a
Metaphor” and “AIDS and Its Metaphors” (New York: Anchor Books, 1989)
Andrew Cunningham,
“Transforming Plague: The Laboratory and the Identity of Infectious Disease,”
in Andrew Cunningham and Perry Williams, eds., The Laboratory Revolution in Medicine (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ.
Press, 1992), pp. 209-244.
John C. Waller,
‘The Illusion of an Explanation’: The Concept of Hereditary
Disease, 1770–1870,” JHM, 2003, 57,
pp. 410-448
Charles E. Rosenberg, Explaining
Epidemics and Other Studies in the History of Medicine (Cambridge
University Press, 1992)
Terence Ranger and Paul Slack,
eds., Epidemics and Ideas. Essays on the
Historical Perception of Pestilence (Cambridge University Press, 1992)
Fiction:
Michael Crichton, The Andromeda Strain (any edition)