Anatomy Models - Nineteenth Century

	19th Century Morality and medicine Medical wax moulage Reform efforts and scientific methods	In the later half of the nineteenth century, anatomical models were used as educational tools for dictating public morality, as part of reform efforts to control and restrain the negative social impacts of industrialization and urbanization.
The 1853 rules of the Toronto General Hospital stated that a physician must be able to "lay before the Trustees, satisfactory testimonials of his moral character." (Romano, 1995)	Morality and medicine The connection between morality and medicine can be seen in how the Victorians related the professional status of physicians to the possession of "character," which included mental initiative, self-reliance and usefulness.(Shortt, 1983) The correlation between organic disease and immorality was widely accepted in the nineteenth century (Shorter, 1997): ravages of venereal disease linked immoral behaviour to pathological symptoms masturbation was thought to cause insanity women demanded operations to rid them of their "internal sensations"	A doctor making house calls in the nineteenth-century, when morality was equated with medicine (Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine, 1996)
Wax moulage of syphilitic sores in mouth - label in Latin, made in France (Museum of Science & Technology, Ottawa)	Medical wax moulage Moulages are wax representations usually mounted on a plaque or plinthe. By the nineteenth century, the primary purpose of these anatomical models was the representation of pathological conditions caused by disease or deformity, as well as obstetrical events. (Schnalke, 1995)	At the first International Hygiene Exhibition in Dresden in 1911, venereal moulages were displayed in a separate section called "Sexually Transmitted Diseases," but audiences named it "The Cabinet of Horrors." (Schnalke, 1995)
Arnold Thackray argues that scientific endeavors must be seen as modes of cultural expression, and that by 1840, the concept of natural knowledge was considered an essentail part of middle-class values." (Thackray, 1974)	Reform efforts and scientific methods Moulages were used by social organizations to illustrate lessons about the importance of moral hygiene and decent living. These reformers looked for scientific solutions to bolster the cause. (Duffin, 2000) Grotesque - but scientific - medical moulages were used by social reformers like the Canadian Social Hygiene Council to control public behaviour.	Wax moulage of syphilitic legion on face - label reads "Property of the Canadian Social Hygiene Council" (Museum of Science & Technology, Ottawa)