Profile of Dr. Agnes Wong, MD, PhD, FRCSC
 
Profile of Dr. Agnes Wong, MD, PhD, FRCSC
Publications

105. Richards R, Goltz H, Wong AM. Alterations in audiovisual simultaneity perception in amblyopia. PLoS ONE. (Trainee publication, Richards R). Senior Responsible Author. In press. 

 

104. Le TD, Raashid RA, Colpa L, Noble J, Ali A, Wong AM. Pediatric vision screening in the primary care setting in Ontario. Paediatrics & Child Health. In press. 

 

103. Narinesingh C, Goltz H, Wong AM. Temporal binding window of the sound-induced flash illusion in amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. (Trainee publication, Narinesingh C). 2017;58:1442–1448. 

 

102. Lei S, Goltz H, Chen X, Zivcevska M, Wong AM. The relation between light-induced lacrimation and the melanopsin-driven post-illumination pupil response. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2017;58:1449–1454. 

 

101. Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Goltz H, Colpa L, Chandrakumar M, Wong AM. Effects of reduced acuity and stereoacuity on saccades and reaching movements in adults with amblyopia and strabismus. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2017;58:914-92Effects of reduced acuity and stereoacuity on saccades and reaching movements in adults with amblyopia and strabismus. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2017;58:914-92. 

 

100. Sharma A, Wong AM, Colpa L, Chow A, Jin Y. Socioeconomic status and utilization of amblyopia services at a tertiary pediatric hospital in Canada. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016;51:452-458. 

 

99. Lei S, Goltz H, Sklar J, Wong AM. Dataset of red light induced pupil constriction superimposed on post-illumination pupil response. Data in Brief. 2016;8:1300-1302. 

 

98. Lei S, Goltz H, Sklar J, Wong AM. The effect of red light exposure on pre-existing melanopsin-driven post-illumination pupil response. Vision Research. 2016;124:59-65. 

 

97. Raashid RA, Liu I, Blakeman A, Goltz H, Wong AM. The initiation of smooth pursuit is delayed in anisometropic amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2016;57:1757-1764. 

 

96. Weisbrod M, Wong AM, Mcreelis K, Cao K, Kohly R. A new model of faculty development in an academic department of ophthalmology: 1. Needs assessment. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2016;51:190-191. 

 

95. Wong AM, During D, Hartman M, Lappan-Gracon S, Hicks M, Bajwa S. Lean transformation of the eye clinic at The Hospital For Sick Children: Challenging an implicit mental model and lessons learned. Healthcare Quarterly. 2016;19:36-41. 

 

94. Richards R, Wong AM. Infantile nystagmus syndrome: Clinical characteristics, current theories of pathogenesis, and management. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2015;50:400-408. 

 

93. Tsirlin I, Colpa L, Goltz H, Wong AM. Behavioural training as new treatment for amblyopia: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2015;56:4061-75. 

 

92. Sklar J, Goltz H, Gane L, Wong AM. Adaptation to laterally displacing prisms in anisometropic amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2015;56:3699-708. 

 

91. Narinesingh C, Goltz H, Raashid RA, Wong AM. Developmental trajectory of McGurk effect susceptibility in children and adults with amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2015;56:2107-13.

 

90. Lei S, Goltz H, Chandrakumar M, Wong AM. Test-retest reliability of hemifield, central-field and full-field chromatic pupillometry for assessing the function of melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2015;56:1267–1273. 

 

89. Raashid RA, Wong AM, Blakeman A, Goltz H. Saccadic adaptation in visually normal individuals using saccadic endpoint variability from amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2015;56:947–955. 

 

88. González-Díaz M, Wong AM. Low positive predictive value of referrals for infantile esotropia among children of Chinese descent. Journal of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2014;18:502-4.

 

87. Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Goltz H, Chandrakumar M, Wong AM. Effects of strabismic amblyopia and strabismus without amblyopia on visuomotor behaviour: III. Temporal eye-hand coordination during reaching. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2014;55:7831-838.

 

86. Kennedy SA, Noble J, Wong AM. Decisions: A 65-year-old man with transient monocular vision loss. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2014; 186:1085-6.

 

85. Lei S, Goltz H, Chandrakumar M, Wong AM. Full-field chromatic pupillometry for the assessment of the post-illumination pupil response driven by melanopsin-containing intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2014;55:4496-503.

 

84. Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Goltz H, Chandrakumar M, Wong AM. Effects of strabismic amblyopia on visuomotor behaviour: Part II. Visually-guided reaching. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2014;55:3857-65.

 

83. Narinesingh C, Wan M, Goltz H, Chandrakumar M, Wong AM. Audiovisual perception in adults with amblyopia: A study using the McGurk effect. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2014;55:3158-64.

 

82. Wong AM. New understanding on the contribution of the central otolithic system to eye movement and skew deviation. Eye. 2015;29:153-156. 

 

81. Wong AM. Amblyopia (lazy eye) in children. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2014;186:292.

 

80. Wong AM. A practical approach to nystagmus and saccadic oscillations. Focal Points. 2014;32(1): Module 1.

 

79. Raashid RA, Wong AM, Chandrakumar M, Blakeman A, Goltz H. Short-term saccadic adaptation in patients with anisometropic amblyopia. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2013;11;54:6701-6711. 

 

78. Chandrakumar M, Colpa L, Reginald A, Goltz H, Wong AM. Measuring contrast sensitivity using M&S Smart System II vs. the Pelli-Robson chart. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:2160-2161. 

 

77. Bedi H, Goltz H, Wong AM, Chandrakumar M, Niechwiej-Szwedo E. Error correcting mechanisms during antisaccades: Contribution of online control during primary saccades and offline control via secondary saccades. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(8): e68613. 

 

76. Jin Y, Chow A, Colpa L, Wong AM. Clinical translation of recommendations from randomized clinical trials on patching regimen for amblyopia. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:657–662. 

 

75. Schlenker M, Manalo E, Wong AM. Research productivity of Canadian ophthalmology departments in top ten ophthalmology and vision science journals from 2001-2010. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2013;48:46-55. 

 

74. Kennedy SA, Noble J, Wong AM. Five things to know about... Examining pupils. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2013;185(9):E424. 

 

73. Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Chandrakumar M, Goltz H, Wong AM. Effects of Strabismic Amblyopia and Strabismus Without Amblyopia on Visuomotor Behavior, I: Saccadic Eye Movements. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2012;53:7458–7468. 

 

72. Wong AM. New concepts concerning the neural mechanisms of amblyopia and their clinical implications. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2012;47:399–409. 

 

71. Gonzalez EG, Wong AM, Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Tarita-Nistor L, Steinbach MJ. Fixation stability in people with amblyopia and in people with normal binocular vision. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2012;53:5386-5394. 

 

70. Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Kennedy SA, Colpa L, Chandrakumar M, Goltz H, Wong AM. Effects of induced monocular blur versus anisometropic amblyopia on saccades, reaching and eye-hand coordination. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2012;53:4354-4362. pdf

 

69. Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Goltz H, Chandrakumar M, Wong AM. The effect of sensory uncertainty due to amblyopia (lazy eye) on the planning and execution of visually-guided 3D reaching movements. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(2): e31075.pdf

 

68. Kennedy SA, Noble J, Wong AM. Five things to know about... Esotropia. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2012;184:1279. 

 

67. Wong AM, Colpa L, Chandrakumar M. Ability of an Upright-Supine Test to differentiate Skew Deviation from other Vertical Strabismus Causes. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2011; 129 (12):1570-1575. pdf

 

66. Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Goltz H, Chandrakumar M, Hirji Z, Wong AM. Effects of anisometropic amblyopia on visuomotor behaviour: III. Temporal eye-hand coordination during reaching. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2011; 52:5853-5861. pdf

 

65. Chandrakumar M, Blakeman A, Goltz H, Sharpe JA, Wong AM. The static ocular counterroll reflex in skew deviation. Neurology. 2011; 77:638-644. pdf

 

64. Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Goltz H, Chandrakumar M, Hirji Z, Crawford JD, Wong AM. Effects of anisometropic amblyopia on visuomotor behaviour: II. Visually-guided reaching. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2011;52:795-803. pdf

 

63. Mirabella G, Hay S, Wong AM. Deficits in perception of real-world scenes in patients with a history of amblyopia. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2011;129:176-183. pdf

 

62. Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Goltz H, Chandrakumar M, Hirji Z, Wong AM. Effects of anisometropic amblyopia on visuomotor behaviour: I. Saccadic eye movements. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2010;51:6348-54. pdf

 

61. Tychsen L, Richards M, Wong AM, Foeller P, Bradley D, Burkhalter A. The neural mechanism for latent (fusion-maldevelopment) nystagmus. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2010;30:276-83. pdf

 

60. Chandrakumar M, Hirji Z, Blakeman A, Goltz H, Mirabella G, Wong AM. Effects of earth-fixed vs head-fixed target on ocular counterroll. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2010;128:413-417. pdf

 

59. Wong AM. Understanding skew deviation and a new clinical test to differentiate it from trochlear nerve palsy. Journal of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2010;14:61-67. pdf

 

58.Wu J, Nazemi F, Schofield J, Mirabella G, Wong AM. Effectiveness of telescopic magnification in the treatment of amblyopia. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2010;128:297-302. pdf

 

57. Lei S, Iyengar S, Shan L, Cherwek DH, Murthy S, Wong AM. GAPO Syndrome: A case associated with bilateral interstitial keratitis and hypothyroidism. Clinical Dysmorphology. 2010;19:79-81. pdf

 

56. Tischfield MA, Baris HN, Wu C, Rudolph G, Van Maldergem L, He W, ChanW, Andrews C, Demer JL, Robertson RL, Mackey DA, Ruddle JB, Bird TD, Gottlob I, Pieh C, Traboulsi EI, Pomeroy SL, Hunter DG, Soul JS, Newlin A, Sabol LJ, Doherty EJ, de Uzcátegui CE, de Uzcátegui N, Collins ML, Sener EC, Wabbels B, Hellebrand H, Meitinger T, de Berardinis T, Magli A, Schiavi C, Pastore-Trossello M, Koc F, Wong AM, Levin AV, Geraghty MT, Descartes M, Flaherty M, Jamieson RV, Møller HU, Meuthen I, Callen DF, Kerwin J, Lindsay S, Meindl A, Gupta ML, Pellman D, Engle EC. Human TUBB3 mutations perturb microtubule dynamics, kinesin interactions, and neuronal circuitry. Cell. 2010;140:74-87. pdf

 

55. Cheung RT, Wong AM. Optic nerve hypoplasia associated with chromosome 9 inversion. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2009; 44 (5):610-611. pdf

 

54. Goltz H, Mirabella G, Leung JC, Blakeman A, Colpa L, Abuhaleeqa K, Wong AM. Effects of age, viewing distance and target complexity on static ocular counterroll. Vision Research. 2009;49:1848-1852. pdf

 

53. Schlenker M, Mirabella G, Goltz H, Kessler P, Blakeman A, Wong AM. The translational vestibulo-ocular reflex in patients with skew deviation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2009; 50:168-174. pdf

 

52. Wong AM. Timing of surgery for infantile esotropia: Sensory and motor outcomes. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2008; 43:643-651. pdf [Editorial pdf]

 

51. Hasany A, Wong AM, Foeller P, Bradley D, Tychsen L. Duration of binocular decorrelation in infancy predicts the severity of nasotemporal pursuit asymmetries in strabismic macaque monkeys. Neuroscience. 2008; 156:403-411. pdf

 

50. Tychsen L, Richards M, Wong AM, Demer J, Bradley D, Burkhalter A, Foeller P. Decorrelation of cerebral visual inputs as the sufficient cause of infantile esotropia. American Orthoptic Journal. 2008;58:60-69. pdf

 

49. Gerth C, Mirabella G, Li X, Wright T, Westall C, Colpa L, Wong AM. Timing of surgery for infantile esotropia in humans: Effects on cortical motion visual evoked responses. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2008; 49:3432-3437. pdf

 

48. Parulekar MV, Dai S, Buncic JR, Wong AM. Head position-dependent changes in ocular torsion and vertical misalignment in skew deviation. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2008; 126(7):899-905. pdf [Editorial pdf]

 

47. Sharpe JA, Wong AM, Fouladvand M. Ocular motor nerve palsies: Implications for diagnosis and mechanisms of repair. Progress in Brain Research. 2008; 171:59-66. pdf

 

46. Tychsen L, Richards M, Wong AM, Foeller P, Burkhalter A, Narasimhan A, Demer J. Spectrum of Infantile Esotropia in Primates: Behavior, Brains and Orbits. Journal of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2008; 12:375-380. pdf

 

45. Parulekar MV, Halliday W, Brent M, Kong K, Wong AM. Tubular aggregate myopathy associated with retinal degeneration. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 2008; 43:361-363. pdf

 

44. Richards M, Wong AM, Foeller P, Bradley D, Tychsen L. Duration of binocular decorrelation predicts the severity of latent (fusion maldevelopment) nystagmus in strabismic macaque monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2008;49:1872-1878. pdf

 

43. Wong AM. Eye Movement Disorders. New York: Oxford University Press. 2008. ISBN13: 978-0-19-532426-6. [Link]

 

42. Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Gonzalez EG, Verrier MC, Wong AM, Steinbach MJ. Localization in the frontal plane is not susceptible to manipulation of afferent feedback via the Jendreassik Maneuver. Vision Research. 2008;48:724-732. pdf

 

41. Fesharaki M, Karagiannis P, Tweed D, Sharpe JA, Wong AM. Adaptive neural mechanism for Listing’s law revealed in patients with skew deviation caused by brainstem or cerebellar lesion. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2008;49:204-214. pdf

 

40. Sin L, Tychsen L, Foeller P, Bradley D, Wong AM. Early versus delayed correction of infantile strabismus in macaque monkeys: Effects on long-term eye alignment. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2007;31:167-169. pdf

 

39. Richards M, Tychsen L, Foeller P, Bradley D, Wong AM. Early versus delayed correction of infantile strabismus in macaque monkeys: Effects on horizontal binocular connections in the striate cortex. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2007;31:171-174. pdf

 

38. Niechwiej-Szwedo E, Gonzalez EG, Bahl B, Verrier MC, Wong AM, Steinbach MJ. Manipulation of extraocular muscle afference has no effect on higher order perceptual judgments. Vision Research. 2007;47:3315-3323. pdf

 

37. Kessler P, Tomlinson D, Blakeman A, Rutka J, Ranalli P, Wong AM. The high-frequency/acceleration head-heave test in detecting otolith diseases. Otology & Neurotology. 2007;28:896-904. pdf

 

36. Wong AM. An update on opsoclonus. Current Opinion in Neurology. 2007;20:25-31. pdf

 

35. Niechwiej-Szwedoa E, Gonzáleza E, Begae S, Verrier MC, Wong AM, Steinbach MJ. Proprioceptive role for palisade endings in extraocular muscles: Evidence from the Jendrassik Maneuver. Vision Research. 2006;46:2268-2279. pdf

 

34. Wong AM, McReelis K, Sharpe JA. Saccade dynamics in peripheral versus central sixth nerve palsies. Neurology. 2006;66:1390-1398. pdf

 

33. Eizenman M, Sapir-Pichhadze R, Westall CA, Wong AM, Lee H, Morad Y. Eye movement responses to disparity vergence stimuli with artificial monocular scotomas. Current Eye Research. 2006; 31:471-480. pdf

 

32. Wong AM, Sharpe JA. Cerebellar skew deviation and the torsional vestibulo-ocular reflex. Neurology. 2005;65:412-419. pdf

 

31. Sharpe JA, McReelis K, Wong AM. Recovery of peripheral versus central nerves identified by saccadic velocity after abducens neuropathy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2005;1039: 417-429. pdf

 

30. Wong AM, Burkhalter A, Tychsen L. Suppression of metabolic activity caused by infantile esotropia and strabismic amblyopia in striate visual cortex of macaque monkeys. Journal of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2005;9:37-47. pdf

 

29. Wong AM. Listing’s law: Clinical significance and implications for ocular motor control. Survey of Ophthalmology. 2004:49:563-575. pdf

 

28. Tychsen L, Wong AM, Burkhalter A. Paucity of horizontal connections for binocular vision in V1 of naturally-strabismic macaques: Cytochrome-oxidase compartment specificity. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 2004;474:261-275. pdf

 

27. Muni RH, Wennberg R, Mikulis DJ, Wong AM. Bilateral horizontal gaze palsy in presumed paraneoplastic brainstem encephalitis associated with a benign ovarian teratoma. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2004:24:114-118. pdf

 

26. Tychsen L, Wong AM, Foeller P, Bradley D. Early versus delayed repair of infantile strabismus in macaque monkeys: II. Effects on motion visually evoked potentials. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2004;45:821-827. pdf

 

25. Sharpe JA, Tweed D, Wong AM. Adaptations and deficits in the vestibulo-ocular reflex after peripheral ocular motor palsies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2003; 1004:111-122. pdf

 

24. Guirgis MF, Wong AM, Tychsen L. Infantile glaucoma and punctal atresia in a child with caudal regression syndrome. Journal of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2003; 7:298-299. pdf

 

23. Wong AM, Foeller P, Bradley D, Burkhalter A, Tychsen L. Early versus delayed repair of infantile strabismus in macaque monkeys: I. Ocular motor effects. Journal of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2003; 7:200-209. pdf

 

22. Wong AM, Tychsen L. Effects of extraocular muscle tenotomy on congenital nystagmus in macaque monkeys. Journal of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2002; 6:100-107. pdf

 

21. Guirgis MF, Wong AM, Tychsen L. Congenital restrictive external ophthalmoplegia and gustatory epiphora associated with fetal isotretinoin toxicity. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002; 120:1094-1095. pdf

 

20. Wong AM, Tweed D, Sharpe JA. Vertical misalignment in unilateral sixth nerve palsy. Ophthalmology. 2002; 109:1315-1325. pdf

 

19. Wong AM, Tweed D, Sharpe JA. Hyperdeviation and static ocular counterroll in unilateral abducens nerve palsy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002; 956:523-526. pdf

 

18. Wong AM, Tweed D, Sharpe JA. Implementation of Listing's law in patients with unilateral sixth nerve palsy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 2002; 956:520-522. pdf

 

17. Wong AM, Sharpe JA, Tweed D. Adaptive neural mechanism for Listing=s law revealed in patients with fourth nerve palsy. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2002; 43: 1796-1803. pdf

 

16. Wong AM, Tweed D, Sharpe JA. Adaptive neural mechanism for Listing’s law revealed in patients with sixth nerve palsy. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2002; 43:112-119. pdf

 

15. Wong AM, Tweed D, Sharpe JA. The vestibulo-ocular reflex in fourth nerve palsy: Deficits and adaptation. Vision Research. 2002; 42:2205-2218. pdf

 

14. Wong AM, Sharpe JA. Adaptations and deficits in the vestibulo-ocular reflex after third nerve palsy. Archives of Ophthalmology. 2002; 120:360-368. pdf

 

13. Wong AM, Tweed D, Sharpe JA. Adaptations and deficits in the vestibulo-ocular reflex after sixth nerve palsy. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. 2002; 43:99-111. pdf

 

12. Wong AM, Musallam S, Tomlinson RD, Shannon P, Sharpe JA. Opsoclonus in three dimensions: Oculographic, neuropathologic and modelling correlates. Journal of the Neurological Sciences. 2001: 189:71-81. pdf

 

11. Yap C, Wong AM, Naor J, Rootman DS. Corneal temperature reversal after storage in Chen medium compared with Optisol GS. Cornea. 2001; 20:501-504. pdf

 

10. Wong AM, Sharpe JA. A comparison of tangent screen, Goldmann and Humphrey perimetry in the detection and localization of occipital lesions. Ophthalmology. 2000; 107:527-544. pdf

 

9. Wong AM, Lueder GT, Burkhalter A, Tychsen L. Anomalous retinal correspondence: neuroanatomic mechanism in strabismic monkeys and clinical findings in strabismic children. Journal of the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2000; 4:168-174. pdf

 

8. Wong AM, Sharpe JA. Representación del campo visual en la corteza occipital humana. Selected publication for Spanish edition of Archives of Ophthalmology. 1999; 10:152-162. pdf

 

7. Wong AM, Sharpe JA. Representation of the visual field in human occipital cortex: A magnetic resonance imaging and perimetric correlation. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1999; 117(2):208-217. pdf

 

6. Wong AM, Lam WC, Sharpe JA. Terson's syndrome in subarachnoid hemorrhage. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 1998; 18 (2):148-149. pdf

 

5. Wong AM, Héon E. Helicoid peripapillary chorioretinal degeneration associated with abetalipoproteinemia. Archives of Ophthalmology. 1998; 116(2):250-251. pdf

 

4. Lam WC, Wong AM, Chen JC. Scleral ectasia in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 1996; 31(5):241-244. pdf

 

3. Wong AM, Sharpe JA. Fourth nerve palsy in migraine. Neuro-ophthalmology. 1996; 16(1):51-54. pdf

 

2. Wong AM. The inhumanity of "fairness": Rationing resources for re-constructive breast surgery. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 1995; 52(4):577-579. pdf.

 

1. Wong AM. The Oregon approach to health care: Its applicability to Canada. In: Boan JA ed. Proceedings of the Fifth Canadian Conference on Health Economics. Regina, Saskatchewan: Canada Plains Research Centre, 1994. p.47-58. pdf

 
 

Last updated on June 09, 2017
Copyrights © By Dr. Agnes Wong 2008 All Rights Reserved.