Left-Sided
Heart Failure
Epidemiology:
- Common causes:
- Ischemic heart
disease
- Hypertension
- Aortic and mitral valvular disease
- Nonischemic myocardial diseases
Common sites:
Gross features:
- hypertrophied and
often dilated left ventricle
- enlargement of
left atrium
- thrombus formation
in left atrium (particularly atrial appendage)
- lungs:
- pulmonary
congestion and edema – heavy, wet lungs
Histologic features:
- hypertrophy and
fibrosis in the myocardium
- lungs:
- perivascular and interstitial transudate with progressive edematous widening of
alveolar septa
- edema fluid in the alveolar spaces
- hemosiderin-containing macrophages in the
alveoli (heart failure cells)
- brain:
Immunophenotype:
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Marker:
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Sensitivity:
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Specificity:
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Molecular features:
Other features:
References: