PARAPHILIA SCALES FROM KURT
FREUND’S EROTIC PREFERENCES EXAMINATION SCHEME
Ray Blanchard, Ph.D., March 12, 2009
Contents
Introduction
Masochism Scale
Sadism Scale
Fetishism Scale
Cross-Gender Fetishism Scale (Transvestism)
Core Autogynephilia Scale
Pedo Admitter Scale (Pedophilia)
Hebe Admitter Scale (Hebephilia)
Voyeurism Scale
Exhibitionism Scale
Alpha Reliability
Coefficients
References
INTRODUCTION
Kurt
Freund, M.D., D.Sc. (1914–1996), was one of the most influential
researchers in the areas of sexual orientation, gender identity, and
paraphilias in the latter half of the twentieth century. Freund was born into a German-speaking Jewish
family in Czechoslovakia, and he conducted his pioneering research on penile
plethysmography (phallometry) while living and working in Prague. He
fled from
It is possible to partly reconstruct the chronology of his efforts at questionnaire development through various dates printed in the bottom margins of certain questionnaire pages. Freund’s questionnaire was organized into sections. The pages comprising each section were stapled together; thus each section was physically separate from the other sections. Most of the sections contained items on one topic or a few related topics (e.g., voyeurism and exhibitionism). The dates on which each questionnaire section was revised were printed in the bottom margin of the first page of the section.
Freund’s questionnaire sections for pedophilia and hebephilia, voyeurism and exhibitionism, sadism and masochism, fetishism, and transvestism and transsexualism all have date stamps indicating that they were revised for the first time on October 15, 1971. This suggests that his questionnaire development must have been well under way prior to the autumn of 1971.
The last major revision, according to the date stamps, was completed during April 3–9, 1974. This version was referred to in Freund’s laboratory as Questionnaire III (Q-III). This is the only version of the questionnaire for which computerized data still exist; in other words, the laboratory’s electronic database at the CAMH currently includes Freund questionnaire data for subjects going back to 1974.
Major changes to Q-III after 1974 consisted primarily of additions. Freund added a new section on courtship disorders (voyeurism, exhibitionism, toucheurism, frotteurism, telephone scatologia, and preferential rape) on July 17, 1980—the same week that I began work at the Clarke Institute—and with his encouragement I added a questionnaire section on transvestism and autogynephilia in the next month. In later years, Freund occasionally inserted extra items into various sections, when he became dissatisfied with an existing item or perceived the need for an additional one.
Freund eventually needed a better name than Q-III for the purpose of describing the instrument in publications. I suggested Erotic Preferences Examination Scheme (EPES), which he readily adopted. The EPES has never been published in its entirety, and there would be little purpose in doing so at this point. Many of its multi-item scales have been published in scholarly journals or book chapters, often in appendices or tables. These include scales intended to assess parent-child relations, childhood gender identity, gynephilia (the erotic preference for physically mature females), androphilia (the erotic preference for physically mature males), and degree of heterosexual experience.
It is not my purpose to collect and review all of the EPES scales here. My purpose in this document is to bring together, in one place, all of the scales corresponding to the specific paraphilias listed in the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). I am doing this partly for historical purposes and partly because the scales’ contents illustrate many of the points an experienced clinician might cover in interviewing a potentially paraphilic patient. These scales have not been copyrighted for commercial purposes, and any clinician or researcher who wishes to use them as they are, or to quote them, or to modify them for his or her own purposes is free to do so.
The individual scales (with scoring weights in parentheses after each response-option) are presented in the next section, and some psychometric data about the scales is presented after that. In the remainder of this introduction, I want to make a few miscellaneous comments about the scales and the items they comprise.
The
first thing to point out is that the EPES is designed for men. Freund never
attempted, at least after moving to
The wording of some of the items seems awkward or mildly odd, for example, “Has cutting or imagining to cut someone’s hair ever excited you sexually?” English was Kurt Freund’s third or perhaps fourth language, after German, Czech, and possibly French. He usually attempted to get native English-speaking colleagues to proof-read his written English for him and to suggest more idiomatic expressions, but a certain stilted quality remains in many of the items.
Some of the items seem potentially confusing for a patient-population in which many individuals have Grade 10 educations or less, for example, “Since you were 13 how old were you when you first touched the privates of or kissed or caressed a child under 7 years of age, to whom you felt sexually attracted?” It is important to understand that Freund often went over the questionnaire items with his patients, explaining the meaning of the various questions until they understood what was being asked. He was interested in the actual answer, not in the patient’s immediate reaction to the question.
There is a final item matter about which I can only speculate. Some of the individual items seem to have been designed, from the very beginning, with a multi-item scale in mind. The Masochism Scale, for example, consists primarily of such items: “Has imagining that you were being humiliated or poorly treated by someone ever excited you sexually?” “Has imagining that someone was choking you ever excited you sexually?” “Has imagining that you have become dirty or soiled ever excited you sexually?”
Other items, in contrast, seem very queerly worded for elements in multi-item scales. An example is this item from the Voyeurism Scale: “Since you were 16, if you secretly watched people making love, did you feel you were: (a) the male, (b) the female, (c) either one, (d) neither one, or (e) never watched (except for movies, plays, etc.).” The item seems to be looking for information beyond the patient’s proclivity for watching unsuspecting strangers in intimate situations. Freund’s original purpose in writing such items might have been to gather information about the predominant behavior, emotion, or cognition associated with a paraphilia, or to identify subtypes within paraphilias. When he impressed them into service in multi-item scales, he simply ignored the superfluous information. Thus, response-options (a), (b), (c), and (d) in the foregoing item are all scored as “1” and option (e) is scored as “0.”
Freund made no attempt, in writing these items, to mislead or distract the patient from the meaning of the item or its implications. The items were designed on the sole principal of face-validity. Of course Freund understood as well as anyone that patients, especially those accused of criminal sexual behavior, are not candid about their erotic interests. Patients’ scores on these scales are influenced both by whether they have a paraphilia and by whether they are willing to admit a paraphilia if they have one. Freund chose to stress the latter source of variance when he called his measures of pedophilia and hebephilia the Pedo Admitter Scale and the Hebe Admitter Scale rather than the Pedo Scale and the Hebe Scale.
Freund was also well aware of the repetitiousness of the items in some of the scales; he commented wryly about that on one occasion I remember. That repetitiousness results, in part, from the fact that paraphilias are essentially monosymptomatic conditions. He did vary item content when he could. He included, for example, items about love as well as items about lust in his pedophilia and hebephilia measures.
As I have already explained, Freund often went over patients’ questionnaire responses with them and help them complete the questionnaire if they had difficulty answering the items on their own. He naturally used their responses to key items (along with their sexual offense histories and their phallometric results) in making clinical diagnoses. He did not, to the best of my knowledge, habitually use the computed scale totals for diagnostic purposes. He therefore did not conduct much, if any, research to identify cutting scores for the various scales, so cutting scores for classifying a patient as paraphilic or non-paraphilic are not available. The computed scale totals were primarily for the purposes of research rather than individual diagnosis.
It is necessary to know one aspect of Freund’s standard operating procedure in order to understand what psychometric data are and are not available. I have already explained that the EPES was physically divided into sections. Freund did not give every patient every section. In general, he gave patients only those sections that were relevant to their clinical presentations. Thus, a patient who presented with exhibitionism would not get the section on fetishism (unless he also acknowledged fetishism). A patient who presented with fetishism, on the other hand, might also be given the section on sadism and masochism without his having mentioned those interests spontaneously, because fetishism is commonly found in association with sadism and masochism. Freund did this for a variety of practical reasons, one being that patients who had no interest in a particular paraphilia (e.g., transvestism or pedophilia) were sometimes upset and offended to be asked about cross-dressing or sexual feelings toward children. The upshot of this is that it was never feasible to conduct a grand, omnibus factor analysis of all paraphilia measures on all patients. Thus, the available psychometric data are alpha reliability coefficients.
These scales, whatever their psychometric flaws, did yeoman’s service in a large number of studies, which I have not attempted to list comprehensively in this document. They still offer, at the very least, a starting point for the further development of self-report scales that canvass patients’ sexual desires as well as their sexual actions.
SCALES
SEXUAL MASOCHISM
Masochism Scale (Freund, Steiner, & Chan, 1982)
1. If you were insulted or humiliated by a person to whom you felt sexually attracted, did this ever increase their attractiveness?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. unsure (0)
2. Has imagining that you were being humiliated or poorly treated by someone ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
3. Has imagining that you had been injured by someone to the point of bleeding ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
4. Has imagining that someone was causing you pain ever aroused you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
5. Has imagining that someone was choking you ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
6. Has imagining that you have become dirty or soiled ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
7. Has imagining that your life was being threatened ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
8. Has imagining that someone was imposing on you heavy physical labor or strain ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
9. Has imagining a situation in which you were having trouble breathing ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
10. Has imagining that you were being threatened with a knife or other sharp instrument ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
11. Has imagining that you were being tied up by somebody ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
SEXUAL SADISM (Freund, Stein, & Chan, 1982)
Sadism Scale
1. Did you ever like to read stories about or descriptions of torture?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
2. Did you usually re-read a description of torture several times?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. don’t remember (0)
3. Were you:
a. very interested in descriptions of torture (1)
b. a little interested (0)
c. not at all interested (0)
d. never read such descriptions (0)
4. Between the ages of 13 and 16, did you find the sight of blood:
a. exciting (1)
b. only pleasant (1)
c. unpleasant (0)
d. did not affect you in any way (0)
5. Has beating somebody or imagining that you are doing so ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
6. Have you ever tried to tie the hands or legs of a person who attracted you sexually?
a. yes (l)
b. no (0)
7. Has cutting or imagining to cut someone’s hair ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
8. Has imagining that you saw someone bleeding ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
9. Has imagining someone being choked by yourself or somebody else ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
10. Has imagining yourself or someone else imposing heavy physical labor or strain on somebody ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
11. Has imagining that someone was being ill-treated in some way by yourself or somebody else ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
12. Has imagining that you or someone else were causing pain to somebody ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
13. Has imagining that you or somebody else were threatening someone’s life ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
14. Has imagining that someone other than yourself was crying painfully ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
15. Has imagining that someone other than yourself was dying ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
16. Has imagining that you or someone else were making it difficult for somebody to breathe ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
17. Has imagining that you or someone else were tying up somebody ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
18. Has imagining that you or somebody else were threatening someone with a knife or other sharp instrument ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
19. Has imagining that someone was unconscious or unable to move ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
20. Has imagining that someone had a very pale and still face ever excited you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
FETISHISM
Fetishism Scale (Freund, Stein, & Chan, 1982)
1. Do you think that certain inanimate objects (velvet, silk, leather, rubber, shoes, female underwear, etc.) have a stronger sexual attraction for you than for most other people?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
2. Has the sexual attractiveness of an inanimate (not alive) thing ever increased if it had been worn by, or had been otherwise in contact with:
a. a female (1)
b. a male (1)
c. preferably a female but also when in contact or having been in contact with a male (1)
d. preferably a male but also when in contact or having been in contact with a female (1)
e. a female or male person equally (1)
f. contact between a person and a thing never increased its sexual attractiveness (1)
g. do not feel sexually attracted to any inanimate thing (0)
3. Did the sexual attractiveness to you of such a thing ever increase if you wore it or were otherwise in contact with it yourself?
a. yes (1)
b. no (1)
c. have never been sexually attracted to inanimate things (0)
4. Were you ever more strongly sexually attracted by inanimate things than by females or males?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
5. What was the age of persons who most increased the sexual attractiveness for you of a certain inanimate object by their contact with it?
a. 3 years or younger (1)
b. between 4 and 6 years (1)
c. between 6 and 11 years (1)
d. between 12 and 13 years (1)
e. between 14 and 16 years (1)
f. between 17 and 40 years (1)
g. over 60 years (1)
h. contact between a person and a thing never increased its sexual attractiveness (1)
i. have never been sexually attracted to inanimate things (0)
6. Is there more than one kind of inanimate thing which arouses you sexually?
a. yes (1)
b. no (l)
c. have never been sexually attracted to inanimate things (0)
7. Through which of these senses did the thing act most strongly?
a. through the sense of smell (1)
b. through the sense of taste (1)
c. through the sense of sight (1)
d. through the sense of touch (1)
e. through the sense of hearing (1)
f. have never been sexually attracted to inanimate objects (0)
8. At about what age do you remember first having a special interest in an inanimate thing which later aroused you sexually?
a. younger than 2 (1)
b. between 2 and 4 (1)
c. between 5 and 7 (1)
d. between 8 and 10 (1)
e. between 11 and 13 (1)
f. older than 13 (1)
g. have never been sexually attracted to inanimate objects (0)
TRANSVESTISM
Cross-Gender Fetishism Scale (Blanchard, 1985)
1. Have you ever felt sexually aroused when putting on women’s underwear, stockings, or a nightgown?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. have never put on any of these (0)
2. Have you ever felt sexually aroused when putting on women’s shoes or boots?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. have never put on either of these (0)
3. Have you ever felt sexually aroused when putting on women’s jewelry or outer garments (blouse, skirt, dress, etc.)?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. have never put on any of these (0)
4. Have you ever felt sexually aroused when putting on women’s perfume or make-up, or when shaving your legs?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. have never done any of these (0)
5. Have you ever masturbated while thinking of yourself putting on (or wearing) women’s underwear, stockings, or a nightgown?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
6. Have you ever masturbated while thinking of yourself putting on (or wearing) women’s shoes or boots?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
7. Have you ever masturbated while thinking of yourself putting on (or wearing) women’s jewelry or outer garments?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
8. Have you ever masturbated while thinking of yourself putting on (or wearing) women’s perfume or make-up, or while thinking of yourself shaving your legs (or having shaved legs)?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
9. Has there ever been a period in your life of one year (or longer) during which you always or usually felt sexually aroused when putting on female underwear or clothing?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. have never put on female underwear or clothing (0)
10. Has there ever been a period in your life of one year (or longer) during which you always or usually masturbated if you put on female underwear or clothing?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. have never put on female underwear or clothing (0)
11. Have you ever put on women’s clothes or make-up for the main purpose of becoming sexually excited and masturbating?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
AUTOGYNEPHILIA
Core Autogynephilia Scale (Blanchard, 1989)
1. Have you ever become sexually aroused while picturing yourself having a nude female body or with certain features of the nude female form?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. have never pictured this (0)
If you have answered
“yes” to question 1, please answer questions 2–6. Otherwise
skip to question 7.
2. You became sexually aroused while picturing your nude female breasts.
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. have never pictured yourself with nude female breasts (0)
d. skipped (0)
3. You became sexually aroused while picturing your nude female buttocks.
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. have never pictured yourself with nude female buttocks (0)
d. skipped (0)
4. You became sexually aroused while picturing your nude female legs.
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. have never pictured yourself with nude female legs (0)
d. skipped (0)
5. You became sexually aroused while picturing your nude female genitals (private parts).
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. have never pictured yourself with nude female genitals (0)
d. skipped (0)
6. You became sexually aroused while picturing your female face.
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. have never pictured yourself with a female face (0)
d. skipped (0)
7. Which of the following pictures of yourself has been most strongly associated with sexual arousal?
a. as a nude woman (1)
b. as a woman dressed only in underwear, sleepwear, or foundation garments (for example, a corset) (1)
c. as a fully clothed woman (1)
d. have never become sexually aroused while picturing yourself as a woman (0)
e. have never pictured yourself as a woman (0)
8. Have you ever been sexually aroused by the thought of being a woman?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
PEDOPHILIA
Pedo Admitter Scale (Freund, 1981)
Scoring note: Freund (1981) states that each item can attain no higher score than 1. Some items have homosexual and heterosexual alternatives (denoted by A, B, or C). In such cases, the score of only one alternative is counted. Thus, for example, positive responses to all three items 2A, 2B and 2C would add 1 to the total score, not 3.
1. Since you were 16, have you ever been as attracted, or more attracted, sexually by anybody or anything other than by females age 13–40?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
2. [A] Have you ever been equally, or more, attracted sexually by a boy age 6–11 than by females or males age 17–40?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
2. [B] Have you ever been equally, or more, attracted sexually by a girl or boy under age 6 than by females or males age 17–40?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
2. [C] Since age 16, have you ever been equally, or more, attracted sexually by a girl age 6–12 than by females age 17–40?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
3. [A] When did you first feel equally or more sexually attracted to a boy 11 or younger than towards females or males 13 or over?
a. before age 16 and this sexual attraction continued after age 16 (1)
b. when you were between 16 and 20 (1)
c. when you were between 21 and 30 (1)
d. when you were between 31 and 40 (1)
e. when you were between 41 and 50 (1)
f. when you were older than 50 (1)
g. no such strong feelings towards boys 11 or younger (after you were age 16) (0)
3. [B] When did you first feel equally or more sexually attracted to a girl 11 or younger than towards females or males 13 or over?
a. before age 16 and this sexual attraction continued after age 16 (1)
b. when you were between 16 and 20 (1)
c. when you were between 21 and 30 (1)
d. when you were between 31 and 40 (1)
e. when you were between 41 and 50 (1)
f. when you were older than 50 (1)
g. no such strong feelings towards girls 11 or younger after you were age 16 (0)
4. Since you were 16, have you ever felt sexually attracted towards:
a. girls younger than 12 but not boys of this age (1)
b. boys younger than 12 but not girls of this age (1)
c. mainly girls younger than 12 but also boys of this age (1)
d. mainly boys younger than 12 but also girls of this age (1)
e. both girls and boys younger than 12 about equally (1)
f. neither girls nor boys younger than 12 (0)
5. [A] How old was the youngest boy who attracted you sexually since you were 16?
a. younger than 6 years (1)
b. between the ages of 6 and 8 (1)
c. between the ages of 9 and 11 (1)
d. boys younger than 12 have never attracted you sexually since age 16 (0)
5. [B] How old was the youngest girl who attracted you sexually since you were 16?
a. younger than 6 years (1)
b. between the ages of 6 and 11 (1)
c. girls younger than 12 have not attracted you sexually since you were 16 (0)
6. [A] How old were the boys (or men) toward whom you felt the
strongest sexual attraction since you were 16? Indicate the age bracket of
highest attractiveness to you by one number only; this number should represent
the approximate midpoint of the age bracket of highest attractiveness.
(Example: if you felt for instance most attracted to boys age
6. [B] How old were the girls (or women) toward whom you
felt the strongest sexual attraction since you were 16? Indicate the age
bracket of highest attractiveness to you by one number only. This number should
represent the approximate midpoint of the age bracket of highest
attractiveness. (Example: if you felt for instance most attracted to girls age
7. Since you were 13 how old were you when you first touched the privates of or kissed or caressed a child under 7 years of age, to whom you felt sexually attracted?
a. between 13 and 16 (1)
b. between 17 and 20 (1)
c. between 21 and 30 (1)
d. between 31 and 40 (1)
e. between 41 and 50 (1)
f. older than 50 (1)
g. before reaching the age of 13, and this happened at least once again after age 13 (1)
h. since age 13, have never touched the privates of or kissed or caressed a child younger than 7, to whom you felt sexually attracted (0)
i. have never felt sexually attracted to a child of this age (0)
8. Since you were 16, how old were you when you first touched the privates of or kissed or caressed a child between 7 and 11 years of age to whom you felt sexually attracted?
a. between 16 and 20 (1)
b. between 21 and 30 (1)
c. between 31 and 40 (1)
d. between 41 and 50 (1)
e. older than 50 (1)
f. before reaching the age of 16, and this happened at least once again after age 16 (1)
g. since age 16, have never touched the privates of or kissed or caressed a child, between 7 and 11 years of age, to whom you felt sexually attracted (0)
h. have never felt sexually attracted to a child of this age (0)
9. [A] Since you were 16, have you ever been in love with a girl 11 or younger?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. unsure (1)
9. [B] Since you were 16, have you ever been in love with a boy 11 or younger?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. unsure (1)
10. Since you were 16, how did you like girl or boy 11 or under to respond to your sexual advances?
a. to resist your advances or be afraid or pretend to be afraid (1)
b. to give in easily to your advances (1)
c. their reaction was unimportant to you (1)
d. have never felt sexually attracted to a boy or girl 11 or under since you were 16 (0)
11. If you felt sexually attracted to a girl or boy age 11 or under, which of the following would you have liked to do most?
a. touch their chest with your hands (1)
b. touch their privates with your hands (1)
c. touch their rear end with your hands (1)
d. touch their chest with your mouth (1)
e. touch their privates with your mouth (1)
f. touch their rear end with your mouth (1)
g. touch their chest with your privates (1)
h. touch their thighs (upper legs) with your privates (1)
i. touch their privates with your privates (1)
j. show your privates only (1)
k. have never felt sexually attracted to a girl or boy age 11 or under (0)
12. Since you were 16, have you ever masturbated while touching girls or boys 11 or younger?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
HEBEPHILIA
Hebe Admitter Scale (Freund, 1981)
Scoring note: Freund (1981) states that each item can attain no higher score than 1. Some items have homosexual and heterosexual alternatives (denoted by A or B). In such cases, the score of only one alternative is counted. Thus, for example, positive responses to both items 2A and 2B would add 1 to the total score, not 2.
1. Since you were 16, have you ever been as attracted, or more attracted, sexually by anybody or anything other than by females age 13–40?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
2. [A] Have you ever been equally, or more, attracted sexually by a boy age 12–16 than by females or males age 17–40?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
2. [B] Since age 20, have you ever been equally, or more attracted sexually by a girl age 13–14 than by females age 17–40?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. you are under age 20 (0)
3. [A] When did you first feel equally or more sexually attracted to a girl 12 to 13 than to females or males 14 or over?
a. before age 20 (and this sexual attraction continued after age 20) (1)
b. when you were between 21 to 30 (1)
c. when you were between 31 to 40 (1)
d. when you were between 41 to 50 (1)
e. when you were older than 50 (1)
f. no such strong feelings towards girls 12 to 13 after you were age 20 (0)
g. you are not yet older than 20 (0)
3. [B] Since age 18, about how old was the youngest male to whom you could have felt some sexual attraction?
a. younger than 6 (0)
b. between 6 and 11 (1)
c. between 12 and 16 (1)
d. between 17 and 19 (0)
e. older than 19 (0)
f. did not feel sexually attracted to males (0)
4. [A] How old were the boys (or men) toward whom you felt the strongest sexual attraction since you were 16? Indicate the age bracket of highest attractiveness to you by one number only; this number should represent the approximate midpoint of the age bracket of highest attractiveness (Example: if you felt for instance most attracted to boys age 7 to 10, indicate either age 8 or 9 whichever you feel to be more appropriate). If you were not sexually attracted to males put “0.” ____ (ages 12–16 = 1, older or younger = 0)
4. [B] How old were the girls (or women) toward whom you felt the strongest sexual attraction since you were 16? Indicate the age bracket of the highest attractiveness to you by one number only. This number should represent the approximate midpoint of the age bracket of highest attractiveness (Example: if you felt for instance most attracted to girls age 7 to 10, indicate either age 8 or 9 whichever you feel to be more appropriate.) ____ (ages 12–15 = 1, older or younger = 0)
5. [A] Since the age of 20 have you ever been in love with a girl of 12 or 13?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. unsure (1)
5. [B] Since you were 18, have you ever been in love with a boy of 12 to 14?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
c. unsure (1)
VOYEURISM
Voyeurism Scale (Freund, Watson, & Rienzo, 1988)
1. Since you were 16, have you ever had a greater desire to secretly watch people of your preferred sex who were undressed or partly undressed (not including pictures, movies, etc.), than to have sexual contact? If so, would you rather watch:
a. one person alone (1)
b. people fondling and playing with each other (without intercourse) (1)
c. people having intercourse (1)
d. always preferred to have sexual contact since age 16 (0)
2. Since you were 16, if you secretly watched people making love, did you feel you were:
a. the male (1)
b. the female (1)
c. either one (1)
d. neither one (1)
e. never watched (except for movies, plays, etc.) (0)
3. Since you were 16, did you ever masturbate (play with yourself) to a climax (ejaculation) while you were secretly watching people having sexual contact, or who were undressed or partly so (not including pictures, movies, etc.)?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
4. Since you were 16, have you ever masturbated while remembering other people’s sexual activities you have seen?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
5. Since age 16, and apart from viewing pictures or movies, have you ever spent a substantial amount of time trying to observe females nude or partly nude, or to observe them urinating, having intercourse with a man or in some other normally private act?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
6. Since age 16, have you ever masturbated while watching or trying to observe a girl or woman who was unaware of your presence?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
EXHIBITIONISM
Exhibitionism Scale (computed, but not published, by Freund as a scale; responses to some individual items analyzed in Freund, Watson, & Rienzo, 1988)
1. About how old were you when you first reached a climax while imagining, or dreaming, that someone you liked was looking from a distance at your privates?
a. younger than 13, and this happened at least once again when older (1)
b. between 13 and 16 (1)
c. between 17 and 20 (1)
d. between 21 and 30 (1)
e. between 31 and 40 (1)
f. between 41 and 50 (1)
g. older than 50 (1)
h. never (0)
2. About how old were you when you first had the urge to expose your privates to a person from a distance?
a. before you were 13, and at least once again when older (1)
b. between 13 and 16 (1)
c. between 17 and 20 (1)
d. between 21 and 30 (1)
e. between 31 and 40 (1)
f. between 41 and 50 (1)
g. older than 50 (1)
h. never (0)
3. If there would not have been any risk of detection would you have most liked to expose your privates from a distance to:
a. always the same person (1)
b. a few times to the same person (1)
c. always to a different person (1)
d. never had the urge to expose (0)
4. Who would you have most liked to expose your privates to?
a. people nude or only partly dressed (1)
b. people wearing clothes (1)
c. it would have made no difference (1)
d. no desire to do this (0)
5. The first time you exposed your privates from a distance, to someone of the sex you prefer, was it because:
a. you were married but did not have sexual intercourse often enough (because your wife was sick, pregnant, or separated, etc.) (1)
b. you were unmarried and had little opportunity for sexual intercourse (1)
c. you were worried about other things (1)
d. you exposed your privates as described above, but as far as you know it was not because of the reasons mentioned (1)
e. you have not exposed your privates in the way mentioned above (0)
6. If nothing unpleasant would have happened as a result, would you have preferred that the person you exposed your privates to from a distance be:
a. someone you knew well (1)
b. someone you knew only slightly (1)
c. someone you did not know (1)
d. it didn’t matter to you whether or not you knew the person (1)
e. never had the urge to expose (0)
7. Would you have preferred to expose your privates to:
a. one person alone (1)
b. more than one person at a time (1)
c. makes no difference (1)
d. have never had the urge to expose (0)
8. Which sex did you prefer to expose your privates to?
a. males (1)
b. females (1)
c. both at the same time (1)
d. their sex didn’t make any difference (1)
e. never had the desire to expose (0)
9. How would you have preferred a person to react if you were to expose your privates to him or her?
a. with fear (1)
b. with admiration (1)
c. with anger and disgust (1)
d. that he or she would have shown their privates also (1)
e. that he or she would want to have sexual intercourse with you (1)
f. kind of response didn’t matter as long as there was one (1)
g. it wouldn’t have mattered if the person reacted or not (1)
h. never had the desire to expose your privates (0)
10. If you have exposed to someone from a distance, did you ever want to touch his or her private parts also?
a. yes (1)
b. no (1)
c. have never exposed my privates from a distance (0)
11. Right after you had exposed your privates to someone from a distance, did you ever wish to have intercourse:
a. with the same person you had exposed to (1)
b. with another person who was about the same age and sex as the person you had exposed to (1)
c. with someone who was much younger, of the same sex as the person you had
exposed to (1)
d. with someone who was much older, of the same sex as the person you had exposed
to (1)
e. with someone who was not the same sex as the person you had exposed to (1)
f. never wanted to have intercourse right after exposing (1)
g. have never exposed your privates from a distance (0)
12. Imagine you were forced to have sexual intercourse after exposing your privates to someone from a distance, would you choose:
a. the person you had exposed to (1)
b. someone else (1)
c. can’t imagine myself exposing to someone from a distance (0)
13. Did you ever masturbate to a climax (ejaculation) while imagining that you were exposing your privates from a distance?
a. yes (1)
b. no (0)
ALPHA RELIABILITY COEFFICIENTS
|
Scale |
Items |
Subjects used in
analysisa |
N of subjects |
Alpha |
Original publication of alpha |
|
Masochism |
11 |
TTP, HtC, HmC, HmPH, HtPH, CDP, SP, HyP, MP |
491 |
.83 |
Freund et al., 1982 |
|
Sadism |
20 |
TTP, HtC, HmC, HmPH, HtPH, CDP, SP, HyP, MP |
491 |
.87 |
Freund et al., 1982 |
|
Fetishism |
8 |
TTP, HtC, HmC, HmPH, HtPH, CDP, SP, HyP, MP |
444 |
.91 |
Freund et al., 1982 |
|
Cross-Gender Fetishism |
11 |
TTP |
99 |
.95b |
Blanchard, 1985 |
|
Core Autogynephilia |
8 |
TTP |
302 |
.95 |
Blanchard, 1989 |
|
Pedo Admitter |
18 |
HmPH, HtPH |
152 |
.92 |
Freund, 1981 |
|
Hebe Admitter |
9 |
HmPH, HtPH |
152 |
.74 |
Freund, 1981 |
|
Voyeurism |
6 |
HtC, CDP |
385 |
.83 |
Freund et al., 1988 |
|
Exhibitionism |
13 |
HtC, CDP |
559 |
.98 |
Unpublish-ed data from EPES, analyzed March 11, 2009 |
aTTP, transsexual and transvestite patients; HtC, heterosexual controls; HmC, homosexual controls; HmP, homosexual patients; HmPH, homosexual pedo- and hebephiles; HtPH, heterosexual pedo- and hebephiles; CDP, courtship disorder patients (voyeurs, exhibitionists, toucheurs, preferential rapists); SP, sadistic patients; HyP, erotically hyperdominant patients; MP, masochistic patients.
bBlanchard (1985) used scoring weights for the response-options that were determined with the optimal scaling procedure for multiple-choice items outlined by Nishisato (1980). Blanchard (1988) suggested the substitution of a simple dichotomous scoring scheme (as presented in this document), but he did not provide any recalculation of the Cross-Gender Fetishism Scale’s reliability using such a scheme. Blanchard (1992) calculated an alpha reliability coefficient of .94 for this scale, using the original optimal scaling weights, in a study of 427 transsexual and transvestite patients. In preparing the present document, I recalculated the reliability coefficient on the same 427 patients using the dichotomous weights and again obtained a value that rounded to .94. The dichotomous weights are clearly just as good and are much simpler.
REFERENCES
Blanchard, R. (1985). Research methods for the typological study of gender disorders in males. In B. W. Steiner (Ed.), Gender dysphoria: Development, research, management (pp. 227–257). New York: Plenum Press.
Blanchard, R. (1988). Cross-Gender Fetishism Scale. In C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Sexuality-related measures: A compendium (pp. 268–270). Lake Mills, IA: Graphic Publishing Co.
Blanchard, R. (1989). The concept of autogynephilia and the typology of male gender dysphoria. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 616–623.
Blanchard,
R. (1992). Nonmonotonic relation of autogynephilia and heterosexual
attraction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 271–276.
Freund, K. (1981). Assessment of
pedophilia. In M. Cook & K. Howells (Eds.), Adult sexual interest in children (pp. 139–179).
Freund, K., Steiner, B. W., & Chan, S. (1982). Two types of cross-gender identity. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 11, 49–63.
Freund, K., Watson, R., & Rienzo, D. (1988). The value of self-reports in the study of voyeurism and exhibitionism. Annals of Sex Research, 1, 243–262.
Nishisato, S. (1980). Analysis of categorical data: Dual scaling and its applications. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.