Ray Blanchard, Ph.D., Professor of Psychiatry,
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Material
Ray Blanchard (born October 9, 1945 in Hammonton, NJ)
was Head of Clinical Sexology Services in the Law and Mental Health Program at
the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) in Toronto, Ontario from 1995
to 2010. He is currently an adjunct Professor of Psychiatry at the University
of Toronto. He holds dual citizenship in the United States and Canada.
He received his A.B. in psychology from the
Blanchard joined the Gender Identity Clinic at the
Clarke Institute of Psychiatry (now part of the CAMH) in 1980. Much of his
research in the next 15 years concerned transsexualism and milder forms of
gender identity disorders. In 1995, he was
appointed Head of the newly created Clinical Sexology Services at the CAMH.
This unit comprised the Gender Identity Clinic and the Kurt Freund Laboratory.
This laboratory is the oldest in
In 2004, he served as President of the International
Academy of Sex Research. From 2008–2012 he was a member of the Sexual and
Gender Identity Disorders Work Group for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders. He was an Associate Editor of Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment from
2003–2010, and he has been a member of the Editorial Board of the Archives of Sexual Behavior since 1990.
In 2010, he received a Significant Achievement Award from the Association for
the Treatment of Sexual Abusers, and in 2017, he received the Richard Green
Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Academy of Sex Research.
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Blanchard’s main research interests are
phallometric diagnosis, gender identity disorders, sexual orientation, and
paraphilias. His studies on the clinical management of gender identity disorders
have shown that the psychosocial adjustment of transsexuals improves before
surgery, as patients move into the cross-gender role, and that it improves
further after surgery. These results led him to argue, in 2000, that sex
reassignment surgery should be covered by public health insurance plans. His
work on the typology of transsexualism has suggested that there are two main
types of male-to-female transsexualism, each preceded or accompanied by a
different erotic preference: Homosexual transsexuals are erotically aroused by
men, and autogynephilic transsexuals are erotically aroused by the thought or
image of themselves as women. In 1987 and 1990, he published two of the
earliest reports of female-to-male transsexuals who wished to undergo sex reassignment
surgery in order to become gay men.
His research in the field of sexual orientation has
shown that older brothers increase the odds of homosexuality in later-born
males. This phenomenon has been called the fraternal
birth order effect. He has advanced the hypothesis that the phenomenon
reflects the progressive immunization of some mothers to male-specific antigens
by each succeeding male fetus, and the concomitantly increasing effects of
anti-male antibodies on the sexual differentiation of the brain in each
succeeding male fetus. Blanchard’s research in collaboration with two
former postdoctoral students, Anthony F. Bogaert and James M. Cantor, has shown
that about 15–30% of gay men can attribute their sexual orientation to
the effect of older brothers. Blanchard’s most recent research, in collaboration
with Bogaert and his colleagues, found evidence that the relevant male-specific
antigen could be NLGN4Y (which Blanchard first suggested in 2004).
Blanchard’s work on paraphilias has shown that pedophiles
have lower than expected mean IQ’s and higher rates of
non-right-handedness. In collaboration with his CAMH colleague, James M.
Cantor, he pursued the hypothesis that these and other correlates of pedophilia
reflect some perturbation of prenatal neurodevelopment in subsequently
pedophilic males. Blanchard’s other research on paraphilias has included
studies of men with sexual interest in transvestites and transsexuals, studies
of men who died accidentally as the result of masturbatory practices involving
self-asphyxiation, and research on the correlation between transvestism and
masochism.
His research on the phallometric diagnosis of
pedophilia in child molesters who deny erotic interest in children
(“nonadmitters”) has shown that this test has a sensitivity of
about 60% when specificity is set to about 95%. Other work has shown that
phallometric test results correlate with a range of diverse variables,
including the volume of white matter pathways in the brain. In taxonomic
research, Blanchard has used phallometric testing to demonstrate that men who
say that they are most attracted to pubescent children differ from men who say
they are most attracted to prepubescent children and from men who say they are
most attracted to physically mature persons. A line of research in
collaboration with another CAMH colleague, Howard E. Barbaree, has shown that
penile response in the phallometric laboratory is an inverse function of
chronological age.
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Publications
Bogaert, A. F., Skorska, M. N., Wang,
C., Gabrie, J., MacNeil, A. J., Hoffarth, M. R., VanderLaan, D. P., Zucker, K.
J., & Blanchard, R. (2018). Male homosexuality and maternal immune
responsivity to the Y-linked protein NLGN4Y. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of
America, 115, 302–306.
Skorska, M. N., Blanchard. R.,
VanderLaan, D. P., Zucker, K. J., & Anthony F. Bogaert, A. F. (2017). Gay
male only-children: Evidence for low birth weight and high maternal miscarriage
rates. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 205–215.
Hughes, S. K., VanderLaan, D. P.,
Blanchard, R., Wood. H., Wasserman. L., & Zucker, K. J. (2017). The prevalence
of only-child status among children and adolescents referred to a gender
identity service versus a clinical comparison group. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 43, 586–593.
VanderLaan, D. P., Blanchard, R., Zucker,
K. J., Massuda, R., Fontanari,
A. M. V., Borba, A. O., Costa, A. B., Schneider, M.
A., Mueller, A., Soll, B. M. B., Schwarz, K., Da Silva, D. C., & Lobato, M. I. R. (2017). Birth order and androphilic
male-to-female transsexualism in Brazil. Journal
of Biosocial Science, 49, 527–535.
Aitken, M.,
Steensma, T. D., Blanchard, R., VanderLaan, D. P., Wood, H., Fuentes, A., Spegg, C., Wasserman, L., Ames, M., Fitzsimmons, C. L., Leef, J. H., Lishak, V., Reim, E., Takagi, A., Vinik, J., Wreford, J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., de Vries,
A. L. C., Kreukels, B. P. C., & Zucker, K. J.
(2015). Evidence for an altered sex ratio in clinic-referred adolescents with
gender dysphoria. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12, 756–763.
VanderLaan,
D. P., Blanchard, R., Wood, H., Garzon, L. C., & Zucker, K. J. (2015).
Birth weight and two possible types of maternal effects on male sexual
orientation: A clinical study of children and adolescents referred to a gender
identity service. Developmental Psychobiology, 57, 25–34.
Blanchard (2014). Detecting and correcting for family size differences
in the study of sexual orientation and fraternal birth order. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43,
845–852.
VanderLaan, D. P., Blanchard, R., Wood,
H., & Zucker, K. J. (2014). Birth order and sibling sex ratio of children
and adolescents referred to a gender identity service. PLoS ONE, 9(3).
Blanchard, R.
(2012). A possible second type of maternal–fetal immune interaction
involved in both male and female homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 1507–1511.
Blanchard, R.
(2012). Fertility in the mothers of firstborn homosexual and heterosexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 551–556.
Schagen, S. E.
E., Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A., Blanchard, R., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T.
(2012). Sibling sex ratio and birth order in early-onset gender dysphoric
adolescents. Archives of Sexual Behavior,
41, 541–549.
Blanchard, R.,
Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Klassen, P. E., Dickey R., & Cantor, J. M. (2012).
Sexual attraction to others: A comparison of two models of alloerotic
responding in men. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 41, 13–29. For free
PDF, click here: http://www.springerlink.com/content/l2v8761372637p15/
Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J.,
Owen-Anderson, A., Singh, D., & Blanchard, R. (2011). Puberty-blocking
hormonal therapy for adolescents with gender identity disorder: A descriptive
clinical study. Journal of Gay & Lesbian
Mental Health, 15, 58–82.
Kolla, N. J., Blanchard, R., Klassen, P. E.,
Kuban, M. E., & Blak, T. (2010). Effect of sildenafil on penile plethysmography
responding: A pilot investigation. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 39, 1449–1452.
Kolla, N. J., Klassen P. E., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., &
Blanchard, R. (2010). Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sildenafil in
phallometric testing. Journal of the
American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 38, 502–511.
Lykins, A. D., Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M.
E., Blak, T., Dickey, R., Klassen, P. E., & Blanchard, R. (2010). Sexual
arousal to female children in gynephilic men. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 22,
279–289.
Lykins, A. D.,
Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Dickey, R., Klassen, P. E., &
Blanchard, R. (2010). The relation between peak response magnitudes and
agreement in diagnoses obtained from two different phallometric tests for
pedophilia. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and
Treatment, 22, 42–57.
Blanchard, R., Kuban,
M. E., Blak, T., Cantor, J. M., Klassen, P. E., & Dickey, R. (2009). Absolute versus relative ascertainment of pedophilia in men. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and
Treatment, 21, 431–441.
Barbaree, H. E., Langton, C. M.,
Blanchard, R., & Cantor, J. M. (2009). Aging versus stable enduring traits
as explanatory constructs in sex offender recidivism: Partitioning actuarial
prediction into conceptually meaningful components. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 443–465.
Blanchard, R., Lykins, A. D., Wherrett,
D., Kuban, M. E., Cantor, J. M., Blak, T., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. E.
(2009). Pedophilia, hebephilia, and the DSM-V. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 335–350.
Blanchard, R. (2008). Sex ratio of older siblings in heterosexual and
homosexual, right-handed and non-right-handed men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 977–981.
Blanchard, R., & Lippa, R. A. (2008). The sex ratio of older siblings in non-right-handed
homosexual men. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 37, 970–976.
Barbaree, H. E., Langton, C. M.,
Blanchard, R., & Boer, D. P. (2008). Predicting recidivism in sex offenders
using the
Cantor, J. M., Kabani, N., Christensen,
B. K., Zipursky, R. B., Barbaree, H. E., Dickey, R.,
Klassen, P. E., Mikulis, D. J., Kuban, M. E., Blak,
T., Richards, B. A., Hanratty, M. K., &
Blanchard, R. (2008). Cerebral white matter deficiencies in pedophilic men. Journal
of Psychiatric Research, 42, 167–183.
Blanchard, R.
(2008). Review and theory of handedness, birth order, and homosexuality in men.
Cantor, J. M.,
Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R. & Blanchard, R.
(2007). Physical height in
pedophilic and hebephilic sexual offenders. Sexual
Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19, 395–407.
Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., & Blanchard, R. (2007). Gender and sexual
orientation differences in sexual response to sexual activities versus gender
of actors in sexual films. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1108–1121.
Zucker, K. J., Blanchard, R., Kim, T.-S., Pae,
C.-U., & Lee, C. (2007). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual
transsexual South Korean males: Effects of the male-preference stopping rule. Psychiatry
and Clinical Neurosciences, 61,
529–533.
Bogaert, A. F., Blanchard, R., & Crosthwait, L. E. (2007). Interaction of birth order, handedness, and
sexual orientation in the Kinsey interview data. Behavioral
Neuroscience, 121, 845–853.
Blanchard, R., Kolla, N. J., Cantor, J. M., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R.,
Kuban, M. E., & Blak, T. (2007). IQ, handedness, and pedophilia in adult
male patients stratified by referral source. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of
Research and Treatment, 19, 285–309.
Blanchard, R., & Lippa, R. A. (2007). Birth order, sibling sex
ratio, handedness, and sexual orientation of male and female participants in a
Barbaree, H. E., Langton, C. M., &
Blanchard, R. (2007). Predicting recidivism in sex offenders using the VRAG and
SORAG: The contribution of age-at-release. International Journal of Forensic
Mental Health, 6, 29–46.
Blanchard, R., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Cantor, J. M.,
Klassen, P., & Dickey, R. (2006). Phallometric comparison of pedophilic interest in
nonadmitting sexual offenders against stepdaughters, biological daughters,
other biologically related girls, and unrelated girls. Sexual Abuse: A
Journal of Research and Treatment, 18, 1–14.
Seto, M. C., Cantor, J. M., & Blanchard, R. (2006). Child
pornography offenses are a valid diagnostic indicator of pedophilia. Journal
of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 610–615.
Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., Bogaert, A. F., Breedlove, S. M., &
Ellis, L. (2006). Interaction of fraternal birth order and handedness in the
development of male homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 49,
405–414.
Blanchard, R., & Barbaree, H. E. (2005). The strength of sexual
arousal as a function of the age of the sex offender: Comparisons among
pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of
Research and Treatment, 17, 441–456.
Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Robichaud, L. K., & Christensen, B. K.
(2005). Quantitative reanalysis of aggregate data on IQ in sexual offenders. Psychological
Bulletin, 131, 555–568.
Cantor, J. M., Klassen, P. E., Dickey,
R., Christensen, B. K., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Williams, N. S., &
Blanchard, R. (2005). Handedness in pedophilia and hebephilia. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 34, 447–459.
Blanchard, R. (2005). Early history of the concept of autogynephilia. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 34, 439–446.
Blanchard, R. (2004). Quantitative and
theoretical analyses of the relation between older brothers and homosexuality
in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 230, 173–187.
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F.
(2004). Proportion of homosexual men who owe their sexual orientation to
fraternal birth order: An estimate based on two national probability samples. American Journal of Human Biology, 16,
151–157.
Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R.,
Christensen, B. K., Dickey, R., Klassen, P. E., Beckstead, A. L., Blak, T.,
& Kuban, M. E. (2004). Intelligence, memory, and handedness in pedophilia. Neuropsychology,
18, 3–14.
Poasa, K. H.,
Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (2004). Birth order in transgendered males
from Polynesia: A quantitative study of Samoan fa’afāfine.
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 30, 13–23.
Zucker, K. J., & Blanchard, R.
(2003). Birth order in the fakafefine. Journal
of Sex & Marital Therapy, 29, 251–253.
Blanchard, R., Kuban, M. E., Klassen, P.,
Dickey, R., Christensen, B. K., Cantor, J. M., & Blak, T. (2003).
Self-reported head injuries before and after age 13 in pedophilic and
nonpedophilic men referred for clinical assessment. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 32, 573–581.
Côté, K., Blanchard, R., & Lalumière,
M. L. (2003). The influence of birth order on birth weight: Does the sex of
preceding siblings matter? Journal of Biosocial Science, 35,
455–462.
Zucker, K. J., Blanchard, R., &
Siegelman, M. (2003). Birth order among homosexual men. Psychological
Reports, 92, 117–118.
Blanchard, R., Christensen, B. K.,
Strong, S. M., Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M. E., Klassen, P., Dickey, R., &
Blak, T. (2002). Retrospective self-reports of childhood accidents causing
unconsciousness in phallometrically diagnosed pedophiles. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 31, 511–526.
Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Cavacas, A., Allin, S., Bradley,
S. J., & Schachter, D. C. (2002). Fraternal birth
order and birth weight in probably prehomosexual feminine boys. Hormones and
Behavior, 41, 321–327.
Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Paterson,
A. D., & Bogaert, A. F. (2002). How many gay men owe their sexual
orientation to fraternal birth order? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31,
63–71.
Blanchard, R. (2001). Fraternal birth
order and the maternal immune hypothesis of male homosexuality. Hormones and
Behavior, 40, 105–114.
Blanchard, R., Klassen, P., Dickey, R.,
Kuban, M. E., & Blak, T. (2001). Sensitivity and specificity of the
phallometric test for pedophilia in nonadmitting sex
offenders. Psychological Assessment, 13, 118–126.
Blanchard, R., & Ellis, L. (2001).
Birth weight, sexual orientation and the sex of preceding siblings. Journal
of Biosocial Science, 33, 451–467.
Ellis, L., & Blanchard, R. (2001).
Birth order, sibling sex ratio, and maternal miscarriages in homosexual and
heterosexual men and women. Personality and Individual Differences, 30,
543–552.
Blanchard, R., Barbaree, H. E, Bogaert,
A. F., Dickey, R., Klassen, P., Kuban, M. E., & Zucker, K. J. (2000).
Fraternal birth order and sexual orientation in pedophiles. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 29, 463–478.
Seto, M. C., Lalumière,
M. L., & Blanchard, R. (2000). The discriminative validity of a
phallometric test for pedophilic interests among adolescent sex offenders
against children. Psychological Assessment, 12, 319–327.
Purcell, D. W., Blanchard, R., &
Zucker, K. J. (2000). Birth order in a contemporary sample of gay men. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 29, 349–356.
Lalumière, M. L.,
Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (2000). Sexual orientation and handedness in
men and women: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 126,
575–592.
Blanchard, R., Watson, M. S., Choy, A.,
Dickey, R., Klassen, P., Kuban, M., & Ferren, D.
J. (1999). Pedophiles: Mental retardation, maternal age, and sexual
orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28, 111–127.
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F.
(1998). Birth order in homosexual versus heterosexual sex offenders
against children, pubescents, and adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27,
595–603.
Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Siegelman,
M., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. (1998). The relation of birth order to sexual
orientation in men and women. Journal of Biosocial Science, 30,
511–519.
Blanchard, R., & Dickey, R. (1998).
Pubertal age in homosexual and heterosexual sexual offenders against children,
pubescents, and adults. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment,
10, 273–282.
Jones, M. B., & Blanchard, R. (1998).
Birth order and male homosexuality: Extension of Slater’s index.
Zucker, K. J., Lightbody, S., Pecore, K.,
Bradley, S. J., & Blanchard, R. (1998). Birth order in girls with gender
identity disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7,
30–35.
Blanchard, R. (1997). Birth order and
sibling sex ratio in homosexual versus heterosexual males and females. Annual
Review of Sex Research, 8, 27–67.
Zucker, K. J., Green, R., Coates, S., Zuger, B., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Zecca,
G. M., Lertora, V., Money, J., Hahn-Burke, S.,
Bradley, S. J. & Blanchard, R. (1997). Sibling sex ratio of boys with
gender identity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38,
543–551.
Blanchard, R., & Klassen, P. (1997).
H-Y antigen and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 185,
373–378.
Bogaert, A. F., Bezeau,
S., Kuban, M., & Blanchard, R. (1997). Pedophilia, sexual orientation, and
birth order. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 331–335.
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F.
(1997). Additive effects of older brothers and homosexual brothers in the
prediction of marriage and cohabitation. Behavior Genetics, 27,
45–54.
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F. (1997). The
relation of closed birth intervals to the sex of the preceding child and the
sexual orientation of the succeeding child. Journal of Biosocial Science,
29, 111–118.
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F.
(1996). Biodemographic comparisons of homosexual and heterosexual men in the Kinsey
interview data. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 551–579.
Bogaert, A. F., & Blanchard, R.
(1996). Physical development and sexual orientation in men: Height, weight, and
age of puberty differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 21,
77–84.
Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J.,
Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L. J. G., &
Bailey, J. M. (1996). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch
gender-dysphoric homosexual males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25,
495–514.
Bogaert, A. F., & Blanchard, R.
(1996). Handedness in homosexual and heterosexual men in the Kinsey interview
data. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25, 373–378.
Chivers, M., &
Blanchard, R. (1996). Prostitution advertisements suggest association of
transvestism and masochism. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 22,
97–102.
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F.
(1996). Homosexuality in men and number of older brothers. American Journal
of Psychiatry, 153, 27–31.
Blanchard, R., Dickey, R., & Jones,
C. L. (1995). Comparison of height and weight in homosexual versus
nonhomosexual male gender dysphorics. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 24,
543–554.
Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S.
J., & Hume, C. S. (1995). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual
male adolescents and probably prehomosexual feminine boys. Developmental
Psychology, 31, 22–30.
Zucker, K.J., & Blanchard, R. (1994).
Re-analysis of Bieber et al.’s 1962 data on sibling sex ratio and birth
order in male homosexuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182,
528–530.
Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J.
(1994). Reanalysis of Bell, Weinberg, and Hammersmith’s data on birth
order, sibling sex ratio, and parental age in homosexual men. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1375–1376.
Blanchard, R. (1994). A structural
equation model for age at clinical presentation in nonhomosexual male gender
dysphorics. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 23, 311–320.
Blanchard, R. (1993). Partial versus
complete autogynephilia and gender dysphoria. Journal of Sex & Marital
Therapy, 19, 301–307.
Blanchard, R., & Collins, P. I.
(1993). Men with sexual interest in transvestites, transsexuals, and she-males.
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 570–575.
Blanchard, R. (1993). Varieties of autogynephilia
and their relationship to gender dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22,
241–251.
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1993).
Erotic target location errors in male gender dysphorics, paedophiles, and
fetishists. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 558–563.
Blanchard, R. (1993). The she-male
phenomenon and the concept of partial autogynephilia. Journal of Sex &
Marital Therapy, 19, 69–76.
Hucker, S. J., & Blanchard, R.
(1992). Death scene characteristics in 118 fatal cases of autoerotic asphyxia
compared with suicidal asphyxia. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 10,
509–523.
Blanchard, R. (1992). Nonmonotonic relation of
autogynephilia and heterosexual attraction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology,
101, 271–276.
Blanchard, R., & Sheridan, P. M. (1992).
Proportion of unmarried siblings of homosexual and non
homosexual gender-dysphoric patients. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry,
37, 163–167.
Blanchard, R., & Sheridan, P. M.
(1992). Sibship size, sibling sex ratio, birth order, and parental age in homosexual
and nonhomosexual gender dysphorics. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease,
180, 40–47.
Blanchard, R. (1991). Clinical
observations and systematic studies of autogynephilia. Journal of Sex &
Marital Therapy, 17, 235–251.
Stermac, L., Blanchard,
R., Clemmensen, L. H., & Dickey, R. (1991). Group therapy for
gender-dysphoric heterosexual men. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 17,
252–258.
Blanchard, R., & Hucker, S. J.
(1991). Age, transvestism, bondage, and concurrent paraphilic activities in 117
fatal cases of autoerotic asphyxia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159,
371–377.
Bradley, S. J., Blanchard, R., Coates,
S., Green, R., Levine, S., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Pauly, I., & Zucker, K. J. (1991). Interim report of
the DSM-IV subcommittee for gender identity disorders. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 20, 333–343.
Blanchard, R. (1989). The concept of
autogynephilia and the typology of male gender dysphoria. Journal of Nervous
and Mental Disease, 177, 616–623.
Blanchard, R. (1989). The classification and
labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias. Archives of Sexual Behavior,
18, 315–334.
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1989).
Phallometric diagnosis of pedophilia. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 100–105.
Blanchard, R., Steiner, B. W.,
Clemmensen, L. H., & Dickey, R. (1989). Prediction of regrets in
postoperative transsexuals. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34,
43–45.
Blanchard, R., & Clemmensen, L. H.
(1988). A test of the DSM-
Blanchard, R. (1988). Nonhomosexual
gender dysphoria. Journal of Sex Research, 24, 188–193.
Blanchard, R., Legault,
S., & Lindsay, W. R. N. (1987). Vaginoplasty outcome in male-to-female
transsexuals. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 13, 265–275.
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1987).
Feminine gender identity and physical aggressiveness in heterosexual and
homosexual pedophiles. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 13,
25–34.
Blanchard, R., Clemmensen, L. H., &
Steiner, B. W. (1987). Heterosexual and homosexual gender dysphoria. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 16, 139–152.
Blanchard, R., Racansky, I. G., &
Steiner, B. W. (1986). Phallometric detection of fetishistic arousal in
heterosexual male cross-dressers. Journal of Sex Research, 22,
452–462.
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1986).
The concept of courtship disorder. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 12,
79–92.
Blanchard, R., Clemmensen, L. H., &
Steiner, B. W. (1985). Social desirability response set and systematic
distortion in the self-report of adult male gender patients. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 14, 505–516.
Blanchard, R., Steiner, B. W., &
Clemmensen, L. H. (1985). Gender dysphoria, gender reorientation, and the
clinical management of transsexualism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 53, 295–304.
Blanchard, R. (1985). Typology of
male-to-female transsexualism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14,
247–261.
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1983). Is the distant
relationship of fathers and homosexual sons related to the sons’ erotic
preference for male partners, or to the sons’ atypical gender identity,
or to both? Journal of Homosexuality, 9, 7–25.
Blanchard, R., Clemmensen, L. H., &
Steiner, B. W. (1983). Gender reorientation and psychosocial adjustment in
male-to-female transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 12,
503–509.
Blanchard, R., McConkey,
J. G., Roper, V., & Steiner, B. W. (1983). Measuring physical
aggressiveness in heterosexual, homosexual, and transsexual males. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 12, 511–524.
Blanchard, R., & Freund, K. (1983).
Measuring masculine gender identity in females. Journal of Consulting and
Clinical Psychology, 51, 205–214.
Blanchard, R., & Steiner, B. W.
(1983). Gender reorientation, psychological adjustment, and involvement with
female partners in female-to-male transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior,
12, 149–157.
Blanchard, R. (1977). Control of
observing by antecedent stimuli. Learning and Motivation, 8,
569–580.
Blanchard, R., & Honig,
W. K. (1976). Surprise value of food determines its effectiveness as a reinforcer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal
Behavior Processes, 2, 67–74.
Blanchard, R. (1975). The effect of S–
on observing behavior. Learning and Motivation, 6, 1–10.
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Blanchard, R. (2018). Older brothers and older sisters odds ratios in
36 samples of homosexual males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 829–832.
Blanchard, R. (2018). Response to commentaries: Meta-analysis of
probability samples and other new evidence. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47,
49–57.
Blanchard, R. (2018). Fraternal birth order, family size, and male homosexuality:
Meta-analysis of studies spanning 25 years. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47,
1–15.
Blanchard,
R., & VanderLaan, D. P. (2015). Commentary on Kishida and Rahman (2015),
including a meta-analysis of relevant studies on fraternal birth order and sexual
orientation in men. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 44, 1503–1509.
Blanchard,
R. (2013). Foreword. In A. A. Lawrence, Men trapped in men’s bodies:
Narratives of autogynephilic transsexualism (pp. v–vi). New York:
Springer.
Blanchard,
R. (2013). A dissenting opinion on DSM-5 pedophilic disorder [Letter to the
Editor]. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 675–678.
Hames, R., & Blanchard,
R. (2012). Anthropological
data regarding the adaptiveness of hebephilia [Letter to the Editor]. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 745–747.
Cantor, J. M., & Blanchard, R.
(2012). White matter volumes in pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles [Letter to the
Editor]. Archives of Sexual Behavior,
41, 749–752.
Rieger, G., Blanchard, R., Schwartz, G.,
Bailey, J. M., & Sanders, A. R. (2012). Further data concerning
Blanchard’s (2011) ‘‘Fertility in the mothers of firstborn
homosexual and heterosexual men’’ [Letter to the
Editor]. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 41, 529–531.
Blanchard, R. (2012). Letter to the
Editor. Journal of the American Academy
of Psychiatry and the Law, 40, 157–158.
Blanchard, R. (2011). Misdiagnoses of
pedohebephilia using victim count: A reply to Wollert and Cramer (2011) [Letter to the
Editor]. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40, 1081–1088.
Blanchard, R. (2011). A brief history of
field trials of the DSM diagnostic criteria for paraphilias [Letter to the
Editor]. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 40,
861–862.
Blanchard, R. (2010). The specificity of
victim count as a diagnostic indicator of pedohebephilia [Letter to the
Editor]. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39,
1245–1252.
Jannini, E. A.,
Blanchard, R., Camperio-Ciani, A., & Bancroft, J. (2010). Male
homosexuality: Nature or culture? Journal
of Sexual Medicine, 7, 3245–3253.
Blanchard, R. (2010). Penile
plethysmography, sexual orientation, and stimulus generalization. ATSA Forum, 22. http://newsmanager.commpartners.com/atsa/issues/2010-06-23/4.html
Blanchard, R. (2010). The fertility of
hebephiles and the adaptationist argument against including hebephilia in DSM-5
[Letter to the Editor]. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 39, 817–818.
Blanchard, R. (2010). The DSM diagnostic
criteria for Pedophilia. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 39, 304–316.
Blanchard, R. (2010). The DSM diagnostic
criteria for Transvestic Fetishism. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 39, 363–372.
Blanchard, R. (2009). Reply to letters regarding Pedophilia, Hebephilia, and the DSM-V. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 38, 331–334.
Blanchard, R. (2008). Deconstructing the feminine essence narrative. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 37,
434–438.
Blanchard, R. (2007). Older-sibling and younger-sibling sex ratios in
Frisch and Hviid’s (2006) national cohort study of two million Danes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 860–863.
Blanchard, R. (2007). Supplementary analyses regarding Langevin,
Langevin, and Curnoe’s (2007) findings on
fraternal birth order in homosexual men. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 36, 610–614.
Blanchard, R. (2003). Film review of Normal. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 7, 97–99.
Blanchard, R. (2000). Fraternal birth
order, maternal immune reactions, and homosexuality in men. Politics and the Life Sciences, 19,
157–159.
Blanchard, R. (2000). Part II: The case for
publicly funded transsexual surgery. Psychiatry Rounds, 4, 4–6.
Zucker, K. J., & Blanchard, R.
(1998). Reply to James’s “The sex ratios of the sibs of children
with psychiatric diagnoses.” Journal of Child Psychology and
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Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F. (1997). Drs. Blanchard and Bogaert
reply [Letter to the editor]. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 137.
Blanchard, R. (1995). [Review of The
sexual brain]. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 56.
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Blanchard, R. (2013). Foreword. In A. A.
Lawrence, Men trapped in men’s
bodies: Narratives of autogynephilic transsexualism (pp. v–vi). New York: Springer.
Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., &
Barbaree, H. E. (2009). Sexual disorders. In P. H. Blaney
& T. Millon (Eds.), Oxford textbook of psychopathology (2nd ed., pp.
527–548).
Barbaree, H. E., & Blanchard, R.
(2008). Sexual deviance over the lifespan: Reductions in deviant sexual
behavior in the aging sex offender. In D. R. Laws & W. T. O’Donohue
(Eds.), Sexual deviance: Theory, assessment, and treatment (2nd ed., pp.
37–60). New York: Guilford.
Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., & Robichaud, L. K. (2006). Biological
factors in the development of sexual deviance and aggression in males. In H. E.
Barbaree & W. L. Marshall (Eds.), The juvenile sex offender (2nd
ed., pp. 77–104). New York: Guilford.
Barbaree, H. E., Blanchard, R., & Langton,
C. M. (2003). The development of sexual aggression through the life span: The
effect of age on sexual arousal and recidivism among sex offenders. In R. A. Prentky, E. S. Janus, & M. C. Seto (Eds.), Annals of
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Blanchard, R. (2000). Transvestism. In A.
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Blanchard, R. (2000). Transsexualism. In
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Blanchard, R. (1998). Masculine Gender
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Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1998).
Gender identity and erotic preference in males. In C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, R. Bauserman, G. Schreer, & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of
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Blanchard, R. (1998). Cross-Gender
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Zucker, K. J., & Blanchard, R.
(1997). Transvestic fetishism: Psychopathology and theory. In D. R. Laws &
W. O’Donohue (Eds.), Sexual deviance: Theory, assessment, and
treatment (pp. 253–279). New York: Guilford Press.
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S., Green, R., Levine, S. B., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F.
L., Pauly, I. B., & Zucker, K. J. (1997).
Gender identity disorder. In T. A. Widiger, A. J.
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Blanchard, R. (1990). Preface. In R. Blanchard &
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children and adults (pp. xiii–xv). Washington, DC: American
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Blanchard, R. (1990). Gender identity
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management of gender identity disorders in children and adults (pp.
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Blanchard, R. (1990). Gender identity disorders in
adult women. In R. Blanchard & B. W. Steiner (Eds.), Clinical management
of gender identity disorders in children and adults (pp. 77–91).
Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Blanchard, R., & Sheridan, P. M. (1990).
Gender reorientation and psychosocial adjustment. In R. Blanchard & B. W.
Steiner (Eds.), Clinical management of gender identity disorders in children
and adults (pp. 159–189). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Blanchard, R., Steiner, B. W., Clemmensen, L. H.,
& Dickey, R. (1988). Erotic preference and the prediction of regrets in
postoperative transsexuals. In W. Eicher & G. Kockott (Eds.), Sexology
(pp. 197–198). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Blanchard, R. (1988). Masculine Gender
Identity Scale for Females. In C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber,
& S. L. Davis (Eds.), Sexuality-related measures: A compendium (pp.
140–143). Lake Mills, IA: Graphic Publishing Co.
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1988). Gender
identity and erotic preference in males. In C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Sexuality-related
measures: A compendium (pp. 143–151). Lake Mills, IA: Graphic
Publishing Co.
Blanchard, R. (1988). Cross-Gender
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S. L. Davis (Eds.), Sexuality-related measures: A compendium (pp.
268–270). Lake Mills, IA: Graphic Publishing Co.
Steiner, B. W., Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J.
(1985). Introduction. In B. W. Steiner (Ed.), Gender dysphoria: Development,
research, management (pp. 1–10). New York: Plenum Press.
Blanchard, R. (1985). Research methods
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Gender dysphoria: Development, research, management (pp. 227–257).
New York: Plenum Press.
Blanchard, R. (1985). Gender dysphoria
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Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1981).
Assessment of sexual dysfunction and deviation. In M. Hersen
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Blanchard, R., & Steiner, B. W.
(Eds.). (1990). Clinical management of gender identity disorders in children
and adults. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
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The following photographs were taken by Maxine Petersen,
M.A., on August 7, 2008 at the
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Contents –
Centre for
Addiction and Mental Health
Alice
Dreger Gay Men & Children
Alice
Dreger Gay Men & Children
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E-mail: ray.blanchard.phd@gmail.com
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Last Update: December 3, 2018