Ray
Blanchard, Ph.D., Professor of Psychiatry, University of Toronto
Curriculum Vitae Other
Material
Research Interests Phallometry
Lecture
Refereed Articles Sex
Reassignment Debate (pdf)
Non-Refereed Articles GID in Males
(pdf)
Book Chapters GID in Females
(pdf)
Edited Books DSM
Talk at SSTAR
Public Domain Images DSM Talk at WAS
Ray Blanchard
(born October 9, 1945 in Hammonton, NJ) is Head of Clinical Sexology Services
in the Law and Mental Health Program at the Centre for Addiction and Mental
Health (CAMH) in Toronto, Ontario and a Professor of Psychiatry at the
University of Toronto. He is a citizen of the United States and Canada.
He
received his A.B. in psychology from the University of Pennsylvania in 1967 and
his Ph.D. from the University of Illinois in 1973. He then took up a Killam
Postdoctoral Fellowship awarded by Dalhousie University in Halifax, Nova
Scotia, where he remained until 1976, investigating learning processes in
animals. In 1976 he accepted a
position as a clinical psychologist at the Ontario Correctional Institute in Brampton,
Ontario. While there, he made the acquaintance of the prominent sex researcher
Kurt Freund, M.D., D.Sc., who introduced him to research on paraphilias, gender
identity disorders, and sexual orientation.
Blanchard
joined the Gender Identity Clinic at the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry (now part
of the CAMH) in 1980. Much of his research in the next 15 years concerned
transsexualism and milder forms of gender identity disorders.
In 1995, he was
appointed Head of the newly created Clinical Sexology Services at the CAMH.
This unit comprised the Gender Identity Clinic and the Kurt Freund Laboratory.
This laboratory is the oldest in North America for the psychophysiological
assessment of erotic interests in sexual offenders and other men with
problematic sexual behavior. This type of assessment (variously called
phallometric testing or penile plethysmography) is one of the few available
procedures for diagnosing paraphilias in sexual offenders who verbally deny
anomalous erotic interests.
In 2004,
he served as President of the International Academy of Sex Research. He is
currently a member of the Sexual and Gender Identity Disorders Work Group for
the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. He is an Associate Editor of Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment
and a member of the Editorial Board of the Archives
of Sexual Behavior.
– Return
to Table of Contents –
Blanchard’s
main research interests are phallometric diagnosis, gender identity disorders, sexual
orientation, and paraphilias. His studies on the clinical management of gender
identity disorders have shown that the psychosocial adjustment of transsexuals
improves before surgery, as patients move into the cross-gender role, and that
it improves further after surgery. These results led him to argue, in 2000,
that sex reassignment surgery should be covered by public health insurance
plans. His work on the typology of transsexualism has suggested that there are
two main types of male-to-female transsexualism, each preceded or accompanied
by a different erotic preference: Homosexual transsexuals are erotically
aroused by men, and autogynephilic transsexuals are erotically aroused by the
thought or image of themselves as women. In 1987 and 1990, he published two of
the earliest reports of female-to-male transsexuals who wished to undergo sex
reassignment surgery in order to become gay men.
His
research in the field of sexual orientation has shown that older brothers
increase the odds of homosexuality in later-born males. This phenomenon has
been called the fraternal birth order
effect. He has advanced the hypothesis that the phenomenon reflects the
progressive immunization of some mothers to male-specific antigens by each
succeeding male fetus, and the concomitantly increasing effects of anti-male
antibodies on the sexual differentiation of the brain in each succeeding male
fetus. Blanchard’s research in collaboration with two former postdoctoral
students, Anthony F. Bogaert and James M. Cantor, has shown that about
15–30% of gay men can attribute their sexual orientation to the effect of
older brothers. The most recent studies on fraternal birth order have produced
the unexpected result that older brothers increase the odds of homosexuality
only in right-handed males; they appear to have no effect, or perhaps the
opposite effect, in non-right-handed males.
Blanchard’s
work on paraphilias has shown that pedophiles have lower than expected mean
IQ’s and higher rates of non-right-handedness. In collaboration with his
CAMH colleague, James M. Cantor, he is pursuing the hypothesis that these and
other correlates of pedophilia reflect some perturbation of prenatal
neurodevelopment in subsequently pedophilic males. Blanchard’s other
research on paraphilias has included studies of men with sexual interest in
transvestites and transsexuals, studies of men who died accidentally as the
result of masturbatory practices involving self-asphyxiation, and research on
the correlation between transvestism and masochism.
His
research on the phallometric diagnosis of pedophilia in child molesters who
deny erotic interest in children (“nonadmitters”) has shown that
this test has a sensitivity of about 60% when specificity is set to about 95%.
Other work has shown that phallometric test results correlate with a range of
diverse variables, including the volume of white matter pathways in the brain.
In taxonomic research, Blanchard has used phallometric testing to demonstrate
that men who say that they are most attracted to pubescent children differ from
men who say they are most attracted to prepubescent children and from men who
say they are most attracted to physically mature persons. A line of research in
collaboration with another CAMH colleague, Howard E. Barbaree, has shown that
penile response in the phallometric laboratory is an inverse function of
chronological age.
– Return
to Table of Contents –
Publications
Lykins, A. D., Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M.
E., Blak, T., Dickey, R., Klassen, P. E., & Blanchard, R. (in press). The relation between peak response magnitudes and
agreement in diagnoses obtained from two different phallometric tests for
pedophilia. Sexual
Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment. DOI 10.1177/1079063209352094
Kolla,
N. J., Blanchard, R., Klassen, P. E., Kuban, M. E., & Blak, T. (in press).
Effect of sildenafil on penile plethysmography responding: A pilot
investigation. Archives
of Sexual Behavior. DOI
10.1007/s10508-009-9506-6
Blanchard, R., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Cantor,
J. M., Klassen, P. E., & Dickey, R. (2009). Absolute versus relative ascertainment
of pedophilia in men. Sexual
Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 21, 431–441.
Barbaree, H. E., Langton, C. M., Blanchard, R., & Cantor, J.
M. (2009). Aging versus stable enduring traits as
explanatory constructs in sex offender recidivism: Partitioning actuarial
prediction into conceptually meaningful components. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 443–465.
Blanchard, R., Lykins, A. D., Wherrett, D., Kuban, M. E., Cantor,
J. M., Blak, T., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. E. (2009).
Pedophilia, hebephilia, and the DSM-V. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 38, 335–350.
Blanchard, R. (2008). Sex ratio of
older siblings in heterosexual and homosexual, right-handed and
non-right-handed men. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 37, 977–981.
Blanchard, R., & Lippa, R. A. (2008).
The sex ratio of older
siblings in non-right-handed homosexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37, 970–976.
Barbaree,
H. E., Langton, C. M., Blanchard, R., & Boer, D. P. (2008). Predicting
recidivism in sex offenders using the SVR-20: The contribution of
age-at-release. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 7, 47–64.
Cantor, J.
M., Kabani,
N., Christensen, B. K., Zipursky, R. B., Barbaree, H.
E., Dickey, R., Klassen, P. E., Mikulis, D. J., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T.,
Richards, B. A., Hanratty, M. K., & Blanchard, R.
(2008). Cerebral white matter deficiencies in pedophilic men. Journal of
Psychiatric Research, 42, 167–183.
Blanchard,
R. (2008). Review and theory of handedness, birth order, and homosexuality in
men. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body,
Brain and Cognition, 13,
51–70.
Cantor,
J. M., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R. & Blanchard, R.
(2007). Physical height in
pedophilic and hebephilic sexual offenders. Sexual
Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19, 395–407.
Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., &
Blanchard, R. (2007). Gender and sexual orientation differences in sexual
response to sexual activities versus gender of actors in sexual films. Journal
of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 1108–1121.
Zucker, K. J., Blanchard, R., Kim,
T.-S., Pae, C.-U., & Lee, C. (2007). Birth order
and sibling sex ratio in homosexual transsexual South Korean males: Effects of
the male-preference stopping rule. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences,
61, 529–533.
Bogaert, A. F., Blanchard, R.,
& Crosthwait, L. E. (2007). Interaction of birth order, handedness, and sexual
orientation in the Kinsey interview data. Behavioral Neuroscience,
121, 845–853.
Blanchard, R., Kolla, N. J.,
Cantor, J. M., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., Kuban, M. E., & Blak, T. (2007).
IQ, handedness, and pedophilia in adult male patients stratified by referral
source. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19,
285–309.
Blanchard, R., & Lippa, R. A.
(2007). Birth order, sibling sex ratio, handedness, and sexual orientation of
male and female participants in a BBC Internet research project. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 36 163–176.
Barbaree,
H. E., Langton, C. M., & Blanchard, R. (2007). Predicting recidivism in sex
offenders using the VRAG and SORAG: The contribution of age-at-release. International
Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 6, 29–46.
Seto, M. C., Cantor, J. M., &
Blanchard, R. (2006). Child pornography offenses are a valid diagnostic
indicator of pedophilia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115,
610–615.
Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M.,
Bogaert, A. F., Breedlove, S. M., & Ellis, L. (2006). Interaction of
fraternal birth order and handedness in the development of male homosexuality. Hormones
and Behavior, 49, 405–414.
Blanchard, R., & Barbaree, H.
E. (2005). The strength of sexual arousal as a function of the age of the sex
offender: Comparisons among pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles. Sexual
Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 17, 441–456.
Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Robichaud, L. K., & Christensen, B. K. (2005).
Quantitative reanalysis of aggregate data on IQ in sexual offenders. Psychological
Bulletin, 131, 555–568.
Cantor,
J. M., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., Christensen, B. K., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T.,
Williams, N. S., & Blanchard, R. (2005). Handedness in pedophilia and
hebephilia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 447–459.
Blanchard,
R. (2005). Early
history of the concept of autogynephilia. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 34, 439–446.
Blanchard,
R. (2004). Quantitative and theoretical analyses of the relation between older
brothers and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 230,
173–187.
Blanchard,
R., & Bogaert, A. F. (2004). Proportion of homosexual men who owe their
sexual orientation to fraternal birth order: An estimate based on two national
probability samples. American Journal of
Human Biology, 16, 151–157.
Cantor,
J. M., Blanchard, R., Christensen, B. K., Dickey, R., Klassen, P. E., Beckstead, A. L., Blak, T., & Kuban, M. E. (2004).
Intelligence, memory, and handedness in pedophilia. Neuropsychology, 18,
3–14.
Poasa, K. H., Blanchard, R., &
Zucker, K. J. (2004). Birth order in transgendered males from Polynesia: A
quantitative study of Samoan fa’afāfine. Journal
of Sex & Marital Therapy, 30, 13–23.
Zucker,
K. J., & Blanchard, R. (2003). Birth order in the fakafefine.
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 29, 251–253.
Blanchard,
R., Kuban, M. E., Klassen, P., Dickey, R., Christensen, B. K., Cantor, J. M.,
& Blak, T. (2003). Self-reported head injuries before and after age 13 in
pedophilic and nonpedophilic men referred for
clinical assessment. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32, 573–581.
Côté, K., Blanchard, R., & Lalumière, M. L. (2003). The influence of birth
order on birth weight: Does the sex of preceding siblings matter? Journal of
Biosocial Science, 35, 455–462.
Zucker,
K. J., Blanchard, R., & Siegelman, M. (2003).
Birth order among homosexual men. Psychological Reports, 92,
117–118.
Blanchard,
R., Christensen, B. K., Strong, S. M., Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M. E., Klassen,
P., Dickey, R., & Blak, T. (2002). Retrospective self-reports of childhood
accidents causing unconsciousness in phallometrically diagnosed pedophiles.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 511–526.
Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Cavacas,
A., Allin, S., Bradley, S. J., & Schachter, D. C. (2002). Fraternal birth order and birth
weight in probably prehomosexual feminine boys. Hormones
and Behavior, 41, 321–327.
Cantor,
J. M., Blanchard, R., Paterson, A. D., & Bogaert, A. F. (2002). How many
gay men owe their sexual orientation to fraternal birth order? Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 31, 63–71.
Blanchard,
R. (2001). Fraternal birth order and the maternal immune hypothesis of male
homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 40, 105–114.
Blanchard, R., Klassen, P., Dickey, R., Kuban, M. E.,
& Blak, T. (2001). Sensitivity and specificity of the phallometric test for
pedophilia in nonadmitting sex offenders. Psychological Assessment, 13,
118–126.
Blanchard, R., & Ellis, L. (2001). Birth weight,
sexual orientation and the sex of preceding siblings. Journal of Biosocial
Science, 33, 451–467.
Ellis, L., & Blanchard, R. (2001). Birth order,
sibling sex ratio, and maternal miscarriages in homosexual and heterosexual men
and women. Personality and Individual Differences, 30, 543–552.
Blanchard, R., Barbaree, H. E, Bogaert, A. F., Dickey,
R., Klassen, P., Kuban, M. E., & Zucker, K. J. (2000). Fraternal birth
order and sexual orientation in pedophiles. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 29, 463–478.
Seto, M. C., Lalumière,
M. L., & Blanchard, R. (2000). The discriminative validity of a
phallometric test for pedophilic interests among
adolescent sex offenders against children. Psychological Assessment, 12,
319–327.
Purcell, D. W., Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J.
(2000). Birth order in a contemporary sample of gay men. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 29, 349–356.
Lalumière, M. L., Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K.
J. (2000). Sexual orientation and handedness in men and women: A meta-analysis.
Psychological Bulletin, 126, 575–592.
Kuban, M., Barbaree, H. E., & Blanchard, R.
(1999). A comparison of volume and circumference phallometry: Response
magnitude and method agreement. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28,
345–359.
Blanchard, R., Watson, M. S., Choy, A., Dickey, R.,
Klassen, P., Kuban, M., & Ferren, D. J. (1999). Pedophiles: Mental retardation, maternal age, and sexual
orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28, 111–127.
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F. (1998). Birth
order in homosexual versus heterosexual sex offenders against children,
pubescents, and adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 27, 595–603.
Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Siegelman,
M., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. (1998). The relation of birth order to sexual
orientation in men and women. Journal of Biosocial Science, 30,
511–519.
Blanchard, R., & Dickey, R. (1998). Pubertal age
in homosexual and heterosexual sexual offenders against children, pubescents,
and adults. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 10,
273–282.
Jones, M. B., & Blanchard, R. (1998). Birth order
and male homosexuality: Extension of Slater’s index. Human Biology,
70, 775–787.
Zucker, K. J., Lightbody,
S., Pecore, K., Bradley, S. J., & Blanchard, R.
(1998). Birth order in girls with gender identity disorder. European Child
& Adolescent Psychiatry, 7, 30–35.
Blanchard, R. (1997). Birth order and sibling sex
ratio in homosexual versus heterosexual males and females. Annual Review of
Sex Research, 8, 27–67.
Zucker, K. J., Green, R., Coates, S., Zuger, B., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Zecca,
G. M., Lertora, V., Money, J., Hahn-Burke, S.,
Bradley, S. J. & Blanchard, R. (1997). Sibling sex ratio of boys with
gender identity disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38,
543–551.
Blanchard, R., & Klassen, P. (1997). H-Y antigen
and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 185,
373–378.
Bogaert, A. F., Bezeau, S.,
Kuban, M., & Blanchard, R. (1997). Pedophilia, sexual orientation, and
birth order. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 331–335.
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F. (1997). Additive
effects of older brothers and homosexual brothers in the prediction of marriage
and cohabitation. Behavior Genetics, 27, 45–54.
Blanchard,
R., & Bogaert, A. F. (1997). The relation of closed birth intervals to the
sex of the preceding child and the sexual orientation of the succeeding child. Journal
of Biosocial Science, 29, 111–118.
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F. (1996). Biodemographic comparisons of homosexual and heterosexual
men in the Kinsey interview data. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25,
551–579.
Bogaert, A. F., & Blanchard, R. (1996). Physical
development and sexual orientation in men: Height, weight, and age of puberty
differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 21, 77–84.
Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T.,
Gooren, L. J. G., & Bailey, J. M. (1996). Birth order and sibling sex ratio
in two samples of Dutch gender-dysphoric homosexual males. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 25, 495–514.
Bogaert, A. F., & Blanchard, R. (1996). Handedness
in homosexual and heterosexual men in the Kinsey interview data. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 25, 373–378.
Chivers, M., & Blanchard, R. (1996). Prostitution
advertisements suggest association of transvestism and masochism. Journal of
Sex & Marital Therapy, 22, 97–102.
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F. (1996).
Homosexuality in men and number of older brothers. American Journal of
Psychiatry, 153, 27–31.
Blanchard, R., Dickey, R., & Jones, C. L. (1995).
Comparison of height and weight in homosexual versus nonhomosexual male gender dysphorics. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 24,
543–554.
Blanchard, R., Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., &
Hume, C. S. (1995). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual male
adolescents and probably prehomosexual feminine boys.
Developmental Psychology, 31, 22–30.
Zucker, K.J., & Blanchard, R. (1994). Re-analysis
of Bieber et al.’s 1962 data on sibling sex
ratio and birth order in male homosexuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental
Disease, 182, 528–530.
Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (1994). Reanalysis
of Bell, Weinberg, and Hammersmith’s data on birth order, sibling sex
ratio, and parental age in homosexual men. American Journal of Psychiatry,
151, 1375–1376.
Blanchard, R. (1994). A structural equation model for
age at clinical presentation in nonhomosexual male gender dysphorics.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 23, 311–320.
Blanchard, R. (1993). Partial versus complete
autogynephilia and gender dysphoria. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy,
19, 301–307.
Blanchard, R., & Collins, P. I. (1993). Men with
sexual interest in transvestites, transsexuals, and she-males. Journal of
Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 570–575.
Blanchard, R. (1993). Varieties of autogynephilia and
their relationship to gender dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22,
241–251.
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1993). Erotic target
location errors in male gender dysphorics,
paedophiles, and fetishists. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162, 558–563.
Blanchard, R. (1993). The she-male phenomenon and the
concept of partial autogynephilia. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 19,
69–76.
Hucker, S. J., & Blanchard, R. (1992). Death scene
characteristics in 118 fatal cases of autoerotic asphyxia compared with
suicidal asphyxia. Behavioral Sciences and
the Law, 10, 509–523.
Blanchard, R. (1992).
Nonmonotonic relation of autogynephilia
and heterosexual attraction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101,
271–276.
Blanchard, R., & Sheridan, P. M. (1992). Proportion
of unmarried siblings of homosexual and non homosexual gender-dysphoric
patients. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 163–167.
Blanchard, R., & Sheridan, P. M. (1992). Sibship size, sibling sex ratio, birth order, and parental
age in homosexual and nonhomosexual gender dysphorics.
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 40–47.
Blanchard, R. (1991). Clinical observations and
systematic studies of autogynephilia. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy,
17, 235–251.
Stermac, L., Blanchard, R., Clemmensen,
L. H., & Dickey, R. (1991). Group therapy for gender-dysphoric heterosexual
men. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 17, 252–258.
Blanchard, R., & Hucker, S. J. (1991). Age,
transvestism, bondage, and concurrent paraphilic activities in 117 fatal cases
of autoerotic asphyxia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159,
371–377.
Bradley, S. J., Blanchard, R., Coates, S., Green, R.,
Levine, S., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Pauly, I.,
& Zucker, K. J. (1991). Interim report of the DSM-IV subcommittee for
gender identity disorders. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20,
333–343.
Blanchard, R. (1989). The concept of autogynephilia
and the typology of male gender dysphoria. Journal of Nervous and Mental
Disease, 177, 616–623.
Blanchard, R. (1989). The classification and labeling
of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 18,
315–334.
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1989). Phallometric
diagnosis of pedophilia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57,
100–105.
Blanchard, R., Steiner, B. W., Clemmensen,
L. H., & Dickey, R. (1989). Prediction of regrets in postoperative
transsexuals. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 43–45.
Blanchard, R., & Clemmensen,
L. H. (1988). A test of the DSM-III-R’s implicit assumption that fetishistic arousal and gender dysphoria are mutually
exclusive. Journal of Sex Research, 25, 426–432.
Blanchard, R. (1988). Nonhomosexual gender dysphoria. Journal
of Sex Research, 24, 188–193.
Blanchard, R., Legault, S.,
& Lindsay, W. R. N. (1987). Vaginoplasty outcome
in male-to-female transsexuals. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 13,
265–275.
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1987). Feminine
gender identity and physical aggressiveness in heterosexual and homosexual pedophiles. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 13,
25–34.
Blanchard, R., Clemmensen,
L. H., & Steiner, B. W. (1987). Heterosexual and homosexual gender
dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 16, 139–152.
Blanchard, R., Racansky, I.
G., & Steiner, B. W. (1986). Phallometric detection of fetishistic
arousal in heterosexual male cross-dressers. Journal of Sex Research, 22,
452–462.
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1986). The concept of
courtship disorder. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 12,
79–92.
Blanchard, R., Clemmensen,
L. H., & Steiner, B. W. (1985). Social desirability response set and
systematic distortion in the self-report of adult male gender patients. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 14, 505–516.
Blanchard, R., Steiner, B. W., & Clemmensen, L. H. (1985). Gender dysphoria, gender
reorientation, and the clinical management of transsexualism. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53, 295–304.
Blanchard, R. (1985). Typology of male-to-female
transsexualism. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14, 247–261.
Freund,
K., & Blanchard, R. (1983). Is the distant relationship of fathers and
homosexual sons related to the sons’ erotic preference for male partners,
or to the sons’ atypical gender identity, or to both? Journal of
Homosexuality, 9, 7–25.
Blanchard, R., Clemmensen,
L. H., & Steiner, B. W. (1983). Gender reorientation and psychosocial
adjustment in male-to-female transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 12,
503–509.
Blanchard, R., McConkey, J. G., Roper, V., &
Steiner, B. W. (1983). Measuring physical aggressiveness in heterosexual,
homosexual, and transsexual males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 12,
511–524.
Blanchard, R., & Freund, K. (1983). Measuring
masculine gender identity in females. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 51, 205–214.
Blanchard, R., & Steiner, B. W. (1983). Gender
reorientation, psychological adjustment, and involvement with female partners
in female-to-male transsexuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 12,
149–157.
Blanchard, R. (1977). Control of observing by
antecedent stimuli. Learning and Motivation, 8, 569–580.
Blanchard, R., & Honig,
W. K. (1976). Surprise value of food determines its effectiveness as a reinforcer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal
Behavior Processes, 2, 67–74.
Blanchard,
R. (1975). The effect of S– on observing behavior. Learning
and Motivation, 6, 1–10.
– Return
to Table of Contents –
Blanchard,
R. (in press). The DSM diagnostic criteria for Pedophilia.
Archives of Sexual
Behavior. DOI 10.1007/s10508-009-9536-0
Blanchard,
R. (in press). The DSM diagnostic criteria for Transvestic
Fetishism. Archives
of Sexual Behavior. DOI 10.1007/s10508-009-9541-3
Blanchard,
R. (2009). Reply to letters regarding Pedophilia,
Hebephilia, and the DSM-V. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 38, 331–334.
Blanchard, R. (2008).
Deconstructing the feminine essence narrative. Archives of Sexual Behavior,
37, 434–438.
Blanchard, R. (2007). Older-sibling
and younger-sibling sex ratios in Frisch and Hviid’s
(2006) national cohort study of two million Danes. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 860–863.
Blanchard, R. (2007). Supplementary
analyses regarding Langevin, Langevin, and Curnoe’s
(2007) findings on fraternal birth order in homosexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36,
610–614.
Blanchard, R. (2003). Film review of Normal. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 7, 97–99.
Blanchard, R. (2000). Fraternal birth order, maternal
immune reactions, and homosexuality in men. Politics
and the Life Sciences, 19, 157–159.
Blanchard, R. (2000). Part II: The case for
publicly funded transsexual surgery. Psychiatry Rounds, 4, 4–6.
Zucker, K. J., & Blanchard, R. (1998). Reply to
James’s “The sex ratios of the sibs of children with psychiatric
diagnoses.” Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 39, 597.
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F.
(1997). Drs. Blanchard and Bogaert reply [Letter to the editor]. American
Journal of Psychiatry, 154, 137.
Blanchard, R. (1995). [Review of The sexual brain].
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 56.
– Return
to Table of Contents –
Cantor, J. M.,
Blanchard, R., & Barbaree, H. E. (2009). Sexual disorders. In P. H. Blaney & T. Millon (Eds.), Oxford
textbook of psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 527–548).
New York: Oxford University Press.
Barbaree, H. E.,
& Blanchard, R. (2008). Sexual deviance over the lifespan: Reductions in deviant sexual
behavior in the aging sex offender. In D. R. Laws & W. T. O’Donohue (Eds.),
Sexual deviance: Theory, assessment, and treatment (2nd ed., pp.
37–60). New
York: Guilford.
Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., &
Robichaud, L. K. (2006). Biological factors in the
development of sexual deviance and aggression in males. In H. E. Barbaree &
W. L. Marshall (Eds.), The juvenile sex offender (2nd ed., pp.
77–104). New York: Guilford.
Barbaree, H. E., Blanchard, R., & Langton, C. M.
(2003). The development of sexual aggression through the life span: The effect
of age on sexual arousal and recidivism among sex offenders. In R. A. Prentky, E. S. Janus, & M. C. Seto (Eds.), Annals of
the New York Academy of Sciences: Vol. 989. Sexually coercive behavior:
Understanding and management (pp. 59–71). New York: New York Academy of Sciences.
Blanchard, R. (2000). Transvestism. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia
of Psychology (Vol. 8) (pp. 118–119). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association and Oxford University Press, USA.
Blanchard, R. (2000). Transsexualism. In A. E. Kazdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia
of Psychology (Vol. 8) (pp. 116–118). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association and Oxford University Press, USA.
Green, R., & Blanchard, R. (2000). Gender identity
disorders of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. In B. J. Sadock & V. A. Sadock (Eds.),
Kaplan & Sadock’s Comprehensive Textbook
of Psychiatry (7th ed.) (pp. 1646–1662). Baltimore, MD: Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins.
Blanchard, R. (1998). Masculine Gender Identity Scale
for females. In C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, R. Bauserman, G. Schreer, & S.
L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of Sexuality-Related Measures (pp.
283–286). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1998). Gender
identity and erotic preference in males. In C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, R. Bauserman, G. Schreer, & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of
Sexuality-Related Measures (pp. 454–462). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications.
Blanchard, R. (1998). Cross-Gender Fetishism Scale. In
C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, R. Bauserman,
G. Schreer, & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Handbook of
Sexuality-Related Measures (pp. 581–582). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
Publications.
Zucker, K. J., & Blanchard, R. (1997). Transvestic
fetishism: Psychopathology and theory. In D. R. Laws & W. O’Donohue
(Eds.), Sexual deviance: Theory, assessment, and treatment (pp.
253–279). New York: Guilford Press.
Bradley, S. J., Blanchard, R., Coates, S., Green, R.,
Levine, S. B., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Pauly, I.
B., & Zucker, K. J. (1997). Gender identity disorder. In T. A. Widiger, A. J. Frances, H. A. Pincus,
R. Ross, M. B. First, & W. Davis (Eds.), DSM-IV Sourcebook (Vol. 3)
(pp. 317–325). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Green, R., & Blanchard, R. (1995). Gender identity
disorders of childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. In H. I. Kaplan & B. J.
Sadock (Eds.), Comprehensive Textbook of
Psychiatry (6th ed.) (pp. 1347–1360). Baltimore, MD: Williams &
Wilkins.
Blanchard,
R. (1990). Preface. In R. Blanchard & B. W. Steiner (Eds.), Clinical
management of gender identity disorders in children and adults (pp.
xiii–xv). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Blanchard, R. (1990). Gender identity disorders in
adult men. In R. Blanchard & B. W. Steiner (Eds.), Clinical management
of gender identity disorders in children and adults (pp. 47–76).
Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Blanchard,
R. (1990). Gender identity disorders in adult women. In R. Blanchard & B.
W. Steiner (Eds.), Clinical management of gender identity disorders in children
and adults (pp. 77–91). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Blanchard, R., & Sheridan, P. M. (1990). Gender
reorientation and psychosocial adjustment. In R. Blanchard & B. W. Steiner
(Eds.), Clinical management of gender identity disorders in children and
adults (pp. 159–189). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
Blanchard,
R., Steiner, B. W., Clemmensen, L. H., & Dickey,
R. (1988). Erotic preference and the prediction of regrets in postoperative
transsexuals. In W. Eicher & G. Kockott (Eds.), Sexology (pp. 197–198).
Berlin: Springer-Verlag.
Blanchard, R. (1988). Masculine Gender Identity Scale
for Females. In C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, & S.
L. Davis (Eds.), Sexuality-related measures: A compendium (pp.
140–143). Lake Mills, IA: Graphic Publishing Co.
Freund,
K., & Blanchard, R. (1988). Gender identity and erotic preference in males.
In C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, & S. L. Davis
(Eds.), Sexuality-related measures: A compendium (pp. 143–151).
Lake Mills, IA: Graphic Publishing Co.
Blanchard, R. (1988). Cross-Gender Fetishism Scale. In
C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber, & S. L. Davis (Eds.), Sexuality-related
measures: A compendium (pp. 268–270). Lake Mills, IA: Graphic
Publishing Co.
Steiner,
B. W., Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (1985). Introduction. In B. W.
Steiner (Ed.), Gender dysphoria: Development, research, management (pp.
1–10). New York: Plenum Press.
Blanchard, R. (1985). Research methods for the
typological study of gender disorders in males. In B. W. Steiner (Ed.), Gender
dysphoria: Development, research, management (pp. 227–257). New York:
Plenum Press.
Blanchard, R. (1985). Gender dysphoria and gender
reorientation. In B. W. Steiner (Ed.), Gender dysphoria: Development,
research, management (pp. 365–392). New York: Plenum Press.
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1981). Assessment of
sexual dysfunction and deviation. In M. Hersen &
A. S. Bellack (Eds.), Behavioral
assessment: A practical handbook (2nd ed.) (pp. 427–455). New York: Pergamon Press.
– Return to Table of Contents –
Blanchard, R., & Steiner, B. W. (Eds.). (1990). Clinical
management of gender identity disorders in children and adults. Washington,
DC: American Psychiatric Press.
– Return to
Table of Contents –
The
following photographs were taken by Maxine Petersen, M.A., on August 7,
2008 at the College Street site of the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
They may be downloaded and reproduced for any lawful purpose without special
permission. Click on a thumbnail for the full-size image.
– Return to Table of Contents –
Centre for Addiction
and Mental Health
– Return
to Table of Contents –
Centre for
Addiction and Mental Health
250
College Street
Toronto,
Ontario M5T 1R8
Canada
Telephone:
416-535-8501, Ext. 6228
E-mail: ray_blanchard@camh.net
CAMH Media
Relations: 416-535-8501, Ext. 6015
– Return
to Table of Contents –
Last
Update: November 10, 2009