Ray Blanchard, Ph.D., Professor of Psychiatry,
Curriculum Vitae Other
Material
Research Interests Phallometry
Lecture
Refereed Articles Sex
Reassignment Debate (pdf)
Non-Refereed Articles GID in Males
(pdf)
Book Chapters GID in Females
(pdf)
Edited Books DSM
Talk at SSTAR
Public Domain Images DSM
Talk at WAS
Contact Information Fertility
of Hebephiles (pdf)
Dissenting Pedophilic Disorder
Ray Blanchard (born October 9, 1945 in Hammonton, NJ)
was Head of Clinical Sexology Services in the Law and Mental Health Program at
the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) in Toronto, Ontario from 1995
to 2010. He is currently an adjunct Professor of Psychiatry at the University
of Toronto. He holds dual citizenship in the United States and Canada.
He received his A.B. in psychology from the
Blanchard joined the Gender Identity Clinic at the
Clarke Institute of Psychiatry (now part of the CAMH) in 1980. Much of his
research in the next 15 years concerned transsexualism and milder forms of
gender identity disorders. In 1995, he was
appointed Head of the newly created Clinical Sexology Services at the CAMH.
This unit comprised the Gender Identity Clinic and the Kurt Freund Laboratory.
This laboratory is the oldest in
In 2004, he served as President of the International Academy
of Sex Research. He is currently a member of the Sexual and Gender Identity
Disorders Work Group for the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. He was an
Associate Editor of Sexual Abuse: A
Journal of Research and Treatment from 2003–2010, and he has been a
member of the Editorial Board of the Archives
of Sexual Behavior since 1990. In 2010, he received a Significant
Achievement Award from the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers.
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Blanchard’s main research interests are
phallometric diagnosis, gender identity disorders, sexual orientation, and
paraphilias. His studies on the clinical management of gender identity disorders
have shown that the psychosocial adjustment of transsexuals improves before
surgery, as patients move into the cross-gender role, and that it improves
further after surgery. These results led him to argue, in 2000, that sex
reassignment surgery should be covered by public health insurance plans. His
work on the typology of transsexualism has suggested that there are two main
types of male-to-female transsexualism, each preceded or accompanied by a
different erotic preference: Homosexual transsexuals are erotically aroused by
men, and autogynephilic transsexuals are erotically aroused by the thought or
image of themselves as women. In 1987 and 1990, he published two of the
earliest reports of female-to-male transsexuals who wished to undergo sex
reassignment surgery in order to become gay men.
His research in the field of sexual orientation has
shown that older brothers increase the odds of homosexuality in later-born
males. This phenomenon has been called the fraternal
birth order effect. He has advanced the hypothesis that the phenomenon
reflects the progressive immunization of some mothers to male-specific antigens
by each succeeding male fetus, and the concomitantly increasing effects of
anti-male antibodies on the sexual differentiation of the brain in each
succeeding male fetus. Blanchard’s research in collaboration with two
former postdoctoral students, Anthony F. Bogaert and James M. Cantor, has shown
that about 15–30% of gay men can attribute their sexual orientation to
the effect of older brothers. The most recent studies on fraternal birth order
have produced the unexpected result that older brothers increase the odds of
homosexuality only in right-handed males; they appear to have no effect, or
perhaps the opposite effect, in non-right-handed males.
Blanchard’s work on paraphilias has shown that
pedophiles have lower than expected mean IQ’s and higher rates of
non-right-handedness. In collaboration with his CAMH colleague, James M.
Cantor, he is pursuing the hypothesis that these and other correlates of
pedophilia reflect some perturbation of prenatal neurodevelopment in
subsequently pedophilic males. Blanchard’s other research on paraphilias
has included studies of men with sexual interest in transvestites and
transsexuals, studies of men who died accidentally as the result of
masturbatory practices involving self-asphyxiation, and research on the
correlation between transvestism and masochism.
His research on the phallometric diagnosis of
pedophilia in child molesters who deny erotic interest in children
(“nonadmitters”) has shown that this test has a sensitivity of
about 60% when specificity is set to about 95%. Other work has shown that
phallometric test results correlate with a range of diverse variables, including
the volume of white matter pathways in the brain. In taxonomic research,
Blanchard has used phallometric testing to demonstrate that men who say that
they are most attracted to pubescent children differ from men who say they are
most attracted to prepubescent children and from men who say they are most
attracted to physically mature persons. A line of research in collaboration
with another CAMH colleague, Howard E. Barbaree, has shown that penile response
in the phallometric laboratory is an inverse function of chronological age.
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Publications
Blanchard, R. (2012). A possible second type of maternal–fetal
immune interaction involved in both male and female homosexuality. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 1507–1511.
Blanchard, R. (2012). Fertility in the mothers of
firstborn homosexual and heterosexual men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 551–556.
Schagen, S. E. E., Delemarre-van de Waal, H.
A., Blanchard, R., & Cohen-Kettenis, P. T. (2012).
Sibling sex ratio and birth order in early-onset gender dysphoric adolescents. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41, 541–549.
Blanchard, R., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Klassen, P. E., Dickey R., &
Cantor, J. M. (2012). Sexual attraction to
others: A comparison of two models of alloerotic responding in men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 41,
13–29. For free PDF, click here:
http://www.springerlink.com/content/l2v8761372637p15/
Zucker, K. J.,
Bradley, S. J., Owen-Anderson, A., Singh, D., & Blanchard, R. (2011). Puberty-blocking
hormonal therapy for adolescents with gender identity disorder: A descriptive
clinical study. Journal of Gay &
Lesbian Mental Health, 15, 58–82.
Kolla, N. J., Blanchard, R., Klassen, P. E.,
Kuban, M. E., & Blak, T. (2010). Effect of sildenafil on penile plethysmography
responding: A pilot investigation. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 39, 1449–1452.
Kolla, N. J., Klassen P. E., Kuban, M.
E., Blak, T., & Blanchard, R. (2010).
Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of sildenafil in
phallometric testing. Journal of
the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 38, 502–511.
Lykins, A. D.,
Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Dickey, R., Klassen, P. E., &
Blanchard, R. (2010). Sexual arousal to female children
in gynephilic men. Sexual Abuse: A
Journal of Research and Treatment, 22, 279–289.
Lykins, A. D., Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Dickey, R.,
Klassen, P. E., & Blanchard, R. (2010). The relation
between peak response magnitudes and agreement in diagnoses obtained from two
different phallometric tests for pedophilia. Sexual Abuse: A
Journal of Research and Treatment, 22, 42–57.
Blanchard, R.,
Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Cantor, J. M., Klassen, P. E., & Dickey, R. (2009).
Absolute versus relative ascertainment of pedophilia in men. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and
Treatment, 21, 431–441.
Barbaree, H. E.,
Langton, C. M., Blanchard, R., & Cantor, J. M. (2009). Aging versus stable
enduring traits as explanatory constructs in sex offender recidivism:
Partitioning actuarial prediction into conceptually meaningful components. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 443–465.
Blanchard, R.,
Lykins, A. D., Wherrett, D., Kuban, M. E., Cantor, J. M., Blak, T., Dickey, R.,
& Klassen, P. E. (2009). Pedophilia, hebephilia, and the
DSM-V. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 38, 335–350.
Blanchard, R. (2008). Sex ratio of older siblings in
heterosexual and homosexual, right-handed and non-right-handed men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 37,
977–981.
Blanchard, R., & Lippa, R. A. (2008). The sex ratio of older siblings in non-right-handed
homosexual men. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 37, 970–976.
Barbaree, H. E.,
Langton, C. M., Blanchard, R., & Boer, D. P. (2008). Predicting
recidivism in sex offenders using the
Blanchard, R.
(2008). Review and theory of handedness, birth order, and homosexuality in men.
Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R. &
Blanchard, R. (2007). Physical height in pedophilic and hebephilic sexual offenders. Sexual
Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19, 395–407.
Chivers, M. L., Seto, M. C., & Blanchard, R. (2007).
Gender and sexual orientation differences in sexual response to sexual
activities versus gender of actors in sexual films. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 93,
1108–1121.
Zucker, K. J., Blanchard, R., Kim, T.-S., Pae, C.-U., & Lee, C. (2007). Birth order and sibling
sex ratio in homosexual transsexual South Korean males: Effects of the
male-preference stopping rule. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 61, 529–533.
Bogaert, A. F., Blanchard, R., & Crosthwait, L. E.
(2007). Interaction of birth order,
handedness, and sexual orientation in the Kinsey interview data. Behavioral
Neuroscience, 121, 845–853.
Blanchard, R., Kolla, N. J., Cantor, J. M., Klassen,
P. E., Dickey, R., Kuban, M. E., & Blak, T. (2007). IQ, handedness, and
pedophilia in adult male patients stratified by referral source. Sexual
Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19, 285–309.
Blanchard, R., & Lippa, R. A. (2007). Birth order,
sibling sex ratio, handedness, and sexual orientation of male and female
participants in a
Barbaree, H. E.,
Langton, C. M., & Blanchard, R. (2007). Predicting recidivism in sex
offenders using the VRAG and SORAG: The contribution of age-at-release. International
Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 6, 29–46.
Blanchard, R., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Cantor, J. M.,
Klassen, P., & Dickey, R. (2006). Phallometric
comparison of pedophilic interest in nonadmitting sexual offenders against
stepdaughters, biological daughters, other biologically related girls, and
unrelated girls. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment,
18, 1–14.
Seto, M. C., Cantor, J. M., & Blanchard, R.
(2006). Child pornography offenses are a valid diagnostic indicator of
pedophilia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115, 610–615.
Blanchard, R., Cantor, J. M., Bogaert, A. F.,
Breedlove, S. M., & Ellis, L. (2006). Interaction of fraternal birth order
and handedness in the development of male homosexuality. Hormones and
Behavior, 49, 405–414.
Blanchard, R., & Barbaree, H. E. (2005). The
strength of sexual arousal as a function of the age of the sex offender:
Comparisons among pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles. Sexual Abuse: A
Journal of Research and Treatment, 17, 441–456.
Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Robichaud, L. K., &
Christensen, B. K. (2005). Quantitative reanalysis of aggregate data on IQ in
sexual offenders. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 555–568.
Cantor, J. M.,
Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., Christensen, B. K., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T.,
Williams, N. S., & Blanchard, R. (2005). Handedness in
pedophilia and hebephilia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 447–459.
Blanchard, R.
(2005). Early history of the concept of autogynephilia. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 34, 439–446.
Blanchard, R. (2004).
Quantitative and theoretical analyses of the relation between older brothers
and homosexuality in men. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 230,
173–187.
Blanchard, R.,
& Bogaert, A. F. (2004). Proportion of homosexual men who owe their sexual
orientation to fraternal birth order: An estimate based on two national
probability samples. American Journal of
Human Biology, 16, 151–157.
Cantor, J. M.,
Blanchard, R., Christensen, B. K., Dickey, R., Klassen, P. E., Beckstead, A.
L., Blak, T., & Kuban, M. E. (2004). Intelligence, memory, and handedness
in pedophilia. Neuropsychology, 18, 3–14.
Poasa, K. H.,
Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (2004). Birth order in transgendered males
from Polynesia: A quantitative study of Samoan fa’afāfine.
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 30, 13–23.
Zucker, K. J.,
& Blanchard, R. (2003). Birth order in the fakafefine.
Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 29, 251–253.
Blanchard, R.,
Kuban, M. E., Klassen, P., Dickey, R., Christensen, B. K., Cantor, J. M., &
Blak, T. (2003). Self-reported head injuries before and after age 13
in pedophilic and nonpedophilic men referred for clinical assessment. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 32, 573–581.
Côté, K., Blanchard, R., &
Lalumière, M. L. (2003). The influence of birth order on birth weight:
Does the sex of preceding siblings matter? Journal of Biosocial Science, 35,
455–462.
Zucker, K. J.,
Blanchard, R., & Siegelman, M. (2003). Birth order among homosexual men. Psychological
Reports, 92, 117–118.
Blanchard, R.,
Christensen, B. K., Strong, S. M., Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M. E., Klassen, P.,
Dickey, R., & Blak, T. (2002). Retrospective self-reports of childhood
accidents causing unconsciousness in phallometrically diagnosed pedophiles.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 511–526.
Blanchard, R.,
Zucker, K. J., Cavacas, A., Allin,
S., Bradley, S. J., & Schachter, D. C. (2002).
Fraternal birth order and birth weight in probably prehomosexual feminine boys.
Hormones and Behavior, 41, 321–327.
Cantor, J. M.,
Blanchard, R., Paterson, A. D., & Bogaert, A. F. (2002). How many gay men
owe their sexual orientation to fraternal birth order? Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 31, 63–71.
Blanchard, R.
(2001). Fraternal birth order and the maternal immune hypothesis of male
homosexuality. Hormones and Behavior, 40, 105–114.
Blanchard, R.,
Klassen, P., Dickey, R., Kuban, M. E., & Blak, T. (2001). Sensitivity and
specificity of the phallometric test for pedophilia in nonadmitting sex
offenders. Psychological Assessment, 13, 118–126.
Blanchard, R.,
& Ellis, L. (2001). Birth weight, sexual orientation and the sex of
preceding siblings. Journal of Biosocial Science, 33, 451–467.
Ellis, L., &
Blanchard, R. (2001). Birth order, sibling sex ratio, and maternal miscarriages
in homosexual and heterosexual men and women. Personality and Individual
Differences, 30, 543–552.
Blanchard, R.,
Barbaree, H. E, Bogaert, A. F., Dickey, R., Klassen, P., Kuban, M. E., &
Zucker, K. J. (2000). Fraternal birth order and sexual
orientation in pedophiles. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29,
463–478.
Seto, M. C.,
Lalumière, M. L., & Blanchard, R. (2000). The discriminative
validity of a phallometric test for pedophilic interests among adolescent sex
offenders against children. Psychological Assessment, 12, 319–327.
Purcell, D. W.,
Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (2000). Birth order in a contemporary sample
of gay men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 29, 349–356.
Lalumière,
M. L., Blanchard, R., & Zucker, K. J. (2000). Sexual orientation and
handedness in men and women: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 126,
575–592.
Blanchard, R.,
Watson, M. S., Choy, A., Dickey, R., Klassen, P., Kuban, M., & Ferren, D. J. (1999). Pedophiles: Mental retardation, maternal
age, and sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 28,
111–127.
Blanchard, R.,
& Bogaert, A. F. (1998). Birth order in homosexual versus heterosexual
sex offenders against children, pubescents, and adults. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 27, 595–603.
Blanchard, R.,
Zucker, K. J., Siegelman, M., Dickey, R., & Klassen, P. (1998). The relation
of birth order to sexual orientation in men and women. Journal of Biosocial
Science, 30, 511–519.
Blanchard, R.,
& Dickey, R. (1998). Pubertal age in homosexual and heterosexual sexual
offenders against children, pubescents, and adults. Sexual Abuse: A Journal
of Research and Treatment, 10, 273–282.
Jones, M. B.,
& Blanchard, R. (1998). Birth order and male homosexuality: Extension of
Slater’s index.
Zucker, K. J., Lightbody, S., Pecore, K.,
Bradley, S. J., & Blanchard, R. (1998). Birth order in girls with gender
identity disorder. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 7,
30–35.
Blanchard, R.
(1997). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in homosexual versus heterosexual
males and females. Annual Review of Sex Research, 8, 27–67.
Zucker, K. J.,
Green, R., Coates, S., Zuger, B., Cohen-Kettenis, P.
T., Zecca, G. M., Lertora,
V., Money, J., Hahn-Burke, S., Bradley, S. J. & Blanchard, R. (1997).
Sibling sex ratio of boys with gender identity disorder. Journal of Child
Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 543–551.
Blanchard, R.,
& Klassen, P. (1997). H-Y antigen and homosexuality in men. Journal of
Theoretical Biology, 185, 373–378.
Bogaert, A. F.,
Bezeau, S., Kuban, M., & Blanchard, R. (1997). Pedophilia, sexual
orientation, and birth order. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106,
331–335.
Blanchard, R.,
& Bogaert, A. F. (1997). Additive effects of older brothers and homosexual
brothers in the prediction of marriage and cohabitation. Behavior Genetics,
27, 45–54.
Blanchard, R., & Bogaert, A. F. (1997). The
relation of closed birth intervals to the sex of the preceding child and the
sexual orientation of the succeeding child. Journal of Biosocial Science,
29, 111–118.
Blanchard, R.,
& Bogaert, A. F. (1996). Biodemographic comparisons of homosexual and
heterosexual men in the Kinsey interview data. Archives of Sexual Behavior,
25, 551–579.
Bogaert, A. F.,
& Blanchard, R. (1996). Physical development and sexual orientation in men:
Height, weight, and age of puberty differences. Personality and Individual
Differences, 21, 77–84.
Blanchard, R.,
Zucker, K. J., Cohen-Kettenis, P. T., Gooren, L. J. G., & Bailey, J. M.
(1996). Birth order and sibling sex ratio in two samples of Dutch
gender-dysphoric homosexual males. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25,
495–514.
Bogaert, A. F.,
& Blanchard, R. (1996). Handedness in homosexual and heterosexual men in
the Kinsey interview data. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 25,
373–378.
Chivers, M.,
& Blanchard, R. (1996). Prostitution advertisements suggest association of
transvestism and masochism. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 22,
97–102.
Blanchard, R.,
& Bogaert, A. F. (1996). Homosexuality in men and number of older brothers.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 27–31.
Blanchard, R.,
Dickey, R., & Jones, C. L. (1995). Comparison of height and weight in
homosexual versus nonhomosexual male gender dysphorics. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 24, 543–554.
Blanchard, R.,
Zucker, K. J., Bradley, S. J., & Hume, C. S. (1995). Birth order and
sibling sex ratio in homosexual male adolescents and probably prehomosexual
feminine boys. Developmental Psychology, 31, 22–30.
Zucker, K.J.,
& Blanchard, R. (1994). Re-analysis of Bieber et
al.’s 1962 data on sibling sex ratio and birth order in male homosexuals.
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 528–530.
Blanchard, R.,
& Zucker, K. J. (1994). Reanalysis of Bell, Weinberg, and
Hammersmith’s data on birth order, sibling sex ratio, and parental age in
homosexual men. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 1375–1376.
Blanchard, R.
(1994). A structural equation model for age at clinical presentation in
nonhomosexual male gender dysphorics. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 23,
311–320.
Blanchard, R.
(1993). Partial versus complete autogynephilia and gender dysphoria. Journal
of Sex & Marital Therapy, 19, 301–307.
Blanchard, R.,
& Collins, P. I. (1993). Men with sexual interest in transvestites,
transsexuals, and she-males. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181,
570–575.
Blanchard, R.
(1993). Varieties of autogynephilia and their relationship to gender dysphoria.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22, 241–251.
Freund, K., &
Blanchard, R. (1993). Erotic target location errors in male gender dysphorics,
paedophiles, and fetishists. British Journal of Psychiatry, 162,
558–563.
Blanchard, R.
(1993). The she-male phenomenon and the concept of partial autogynephilia. Journal
of Sex & Marital Therapy, 19, 69–76.
Hucker, S. J.,
& Blanchard, R. (1992). Death scene characteristics in 118 fatal cases of
autoerotic asphyxia compared with suicidal asphyxia. Behavioral Sciences and
the Law, 10, 509–523.
Blanchard, R. (1992). Nonmonotonic
relation of autogynephilia and heterosexual attraction. Journal of Abnormal
Psychology, 101, 271–276.
Blanchard, R.,
& Sheridan, P. M. (1992). Proportion of unmarried siblings of homosexual
and non homosexual gender-dysphoric patients. Canadian Journal of
Psychiatry, 37, 163–167.
Blanchard, R.,
& Sheridan, P. M. (1992). Sibship size, sibling sex ratio, birth order, and
parental age in homosexual and nonhomosexual gender dysphorics. Journal of
Nervous and Mental Disease, 180, 40–47.
Blanchard, R.
(1991). Clinical observations and systematic studies of autogynephilia. Journal
of Sex & Marital Therapy, 17, 235–251.
Stermac, L.,
Blanchard, R., Clemmensen, L. H., & Dickey, R. (1991). Group therapy for
gender-dysphoric heterosexual men. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 17,
252–258.
Blanchard, R.,
& Hucker, S. J. (1991). Age, transvestism, bondage, and concurrent
paraphilic activities in 117 fatal cases of autoerotic asphyxia. British
Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 371–377.
Bradley, S. J.,
Blanchard, R., Coates, S., Green, R., Levine, S., Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L., Pauly, I., & Zucker, K. J. (1991). Interim report of the DSM-IV subcommittee for gender identity
disorders. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 20, 333–343.
Blanchard, R.
(1989). The concept of autogynephilia and the typology of male gender dysphoria.
Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 177, 616–623.
Blanchard, R.
(1989). The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 18, 315–334.
Freund, K., &
Blanchard, R. (1989). Phallometric diagnosis of pedophilia. Journal of
Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 100–105.
Blanchard, R.,
Steiner, B. W., Clemmensen, L. H., & Dickey, R. (1989). Prediction of
regrets in postoperative transsexuals. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 34,
43–45.
Blanchard, R.,
& Clemmensen, L. H. (1988). A test of the DSM-
Blanchard, R.
(1988). Nonhomosexual gender dysphoria. Journal of Sex Research, 24,
188–193.
Blanchard, R., Legault, S., & Lindsay, W. R. N. (1987). Vaginoplasty
outcome in male-to-female transsexuals. Journal of Sex & Marital
Therapy, 13, 265–275.
Freund, K., &
Blanchard, R. (1987). Feminine gender identity and physical aggressiveness in
heterosexual and homosexual pedophiles. Journal of Sex & Marital
Therapy, 13, 25–34.
Blanchard, R.,
Clemmensen, L. H., & Steiner, B. W. (1987). Heterosexual and homosexual
gender dysphoria. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 16, 139–152.
Blanchard, R.,
Racansky, I. G., & Steiner, B. W. (1986). Phallometric detection
of fetishistic arousal in heterosexual male cross-dressers. Journal
of Sex Research, 22, 452–462.
Freund, K., &
Blanchard, R. (1986). The concept of courtship disorder. Journal of Sex
& Marital Therapy, 12, 79–92.
Blanchard, R.,
Clemmensen, L. H., & Steiner, B. W. (1985). Social desirability response
set and systematic distortion in the self-report of adult male gender patients.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 14, 505–516.
Blanchard, R., Steiner, B. W., &
Clemmensen, L. H. (1985). Gender dysphoria, gender reorientation, and the
clinical management of transsexualism. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 53, 295–304.
Blanchard, R.
(1985). Typology of male-to-female transsexualism. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 14, 247–261.
Freund, K., & Blanchard, R. (1983). Is the distant
relationship of fathers and homosexual sons related to the sons’ erotic
preference for male partners, or to the sons’ atypical gender identity,
or to both? Journal of Homosexuality, 9, 7–25.
Blanchard, R.,
Clemmensen, L. H., & Steiner, B. W. (1983). Gender reorientation and
psychosocial adjustment in male-to-female transsexuals. Archives of Sexual
Behavior, 12, 503–509.
Blanchard, R.,
McConkey, J. G., Roper, V., & Steiner, B. W. (1983). Measuring physical
aggressiveness in heterosexual, homosexual, and transsexual males. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 12, 511–524.
Blanchard, R.,
& Freund, K. (1983). Measuring masculine gender identity in females. Journal
of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 205–214.
Blanchard, R.,
& Steiner, B. W. (1983). Gender reorientation, psychological adjustment,
and involvement with female partners in female-to-male transsexuals.
Archives of Sexual Behavior, 12, 149–157.
Blanchard, R.
(1977). Control of observing by antecedent stimuli. Learning and Motivation,
8, 569–580.
Blanchard, R., & Honig,
W. K. (1976). Surprise value of food determines its effectiveness as a reinforcer. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal
Behavior Processes, 2, 67–74.
Blanchard, R. (1975). The effect of S–
on observing behavior. Learning and Motivation, 6, 1–10.
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Hames, R.,
& Blanchard, R. (2012). Anthropological data regarding the
adaptiveness of hebephilia [Letter
to the Editor]. Archives of
Sexual Behavior, 41, 745–747.
Cantor,
J. M., & Blanchard, R. (2012). White
matter volumes in pedophiles, hebephiles, and teleiophiles [Letter to the
Editor]. Archives of Sexual Behavior,
41, 749–752.
Rieger,
G., Blanchard, R., Schwartz, G., Bailey, J. M., & Sanders, A. R. (2012). Further data concerning Blanchard’s
(2011) ‘‘Fertility in the mothers of firstborn homosexual and
heterosexual men’’ [Letter to the Editor]. Archives
of Sexual Behavior, 41, 529–531.
Blanchard, R. (2012). Letter
to the Editor. Journal of the
American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, 40, 157–158.
Blanchard, R. (2011). Misdiagnoses of
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(2011). A brief history of field trials of the DSM diagnostic
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(2010). The specificity of victim count as a diagnostic indicator of
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Jannini, E. A.,
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Blanchard, R.
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Blanchard, R. (2008). Deconstructing the feminine
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Blanchard, R. (2007). Older-sibling and
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Blanchard, R.,
& Steiner, B. W. (Eds.). (1990). Clinical management of gender identity
disorders in children and adults. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric
Press.
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The following photographs were taken by Maxine
Petersen, M.A., on August 7, 2008 at the
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Contents –
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
Alice
Dreger Gay Men & Children
Alice
Dreger Gay Men & Children
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E-mail: ray.blanchard.phd@gmail.com
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Last Update: May 16, 2013